ctd调查系统(CTD数据处理)

1. CTD数据处理

学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情，不仅能解放人的天性，给人带来满足感、成就感，而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。学国画的人，随着自己的文化积淀、艺术修养的不断提升，所作的画作也如陈年老酒，愈发醇香，愈发动人。

工具

首先要熟悉工具，选择一套合适的工具来作画。

笔

国画使用的笔统称为毛笔，根据制笔的毫料不同可分为软毫、硬毫和兼毫三种。

软毫笔以羊毫为多，鸡毫次之。羊毫笔有长锋、中锋、短锋之别，各有不同的表现力。

硬毫笔一般弹力较强、劲健锋利，易于掌握和使用，其中狼毫笔和紫毫笔使用较多。

兼毫笔是两种以上不同质的毫料兼制而成，此笔软硬适中，适于勾线，也适于渲染用。

画工笔可以选择准备勾线笔（1-2根）、大中小号白云羊毫笔（约3根）。

画写意，准备硬毫笔（长锋短锋各备一支），如狼毫、猪鬃、兔毫等，兼毫备一支即可。

提示

笔一开始不要买太多，常用的基本永远都是那几支。画熟练了再添置，书法写废了的毛笔也可以用来染色或者画山水。

笔架

笔架就是架笔之物，是传统文房用具之一。在构思或暂息时用以置笔，以免毛笔污损他物。

调色盘

调色盘就是调和颜料的容器，是不可缺少的文房用具。其形状通常为圆形，呈梅花状，但也有方形或其他不规则形状，质地以陶瓷类较多，而小碟子形态的调色盘造价比较低廉，通常为初学者或业余人士使用。

墨汁

中国传统绘画尤重用墨，笔以达气，墨以生韵。用墨表现画面的气韵，求得生动是很重要的。中国之墨经用笔引发和水的渗化，可变化出浓、淡、干、湿、黑、白不同层次的色彩感。古人谓之“五墨六彩”。

以墨代色，力求单纯、明快、概括，是中国画的独特创造。以墨代色的不同变化，表现各种色彩感觉，富有浪漫主义的处理特色。中国画在设色方面突破了自然物固有的约束，代之以感情的意匠色彩。

推荐墨汁

墨有很多种，市场上常见的用于绘画的墨主要有株式会社墨运堂出品的玄宗墨汁，北京一得阁的云头艳，红星墨液，北京墨汁，中华墨汁，曹素功墨汁，珠江墨汁等等。不同墨对于绘画有直接影响。

1、进口玄宗墨汁有两种：一种是红星玄宗，一种是进口玄宗，其特点是浓墨显得很厚重，淡墨显得很润泽，不含混。下图是用进口玄宗墨汁绘制的国画效果图。

2、北京一得阁墨汁，百年老字号，价格低廉，性价比高。代表性产品为云头艳，其特点为，墨迹光亮、淡墨表现力强，层次感丰富、浓淡五色、书写流利等特点，美中不足的便是胶性比较大，易凝结。下图是用北京一得阁墨绘制的国画效果图。

3、红星墨汁，安徽红星墨液公司出品。代表产品有两种，一种是红星墨液，另一种是玄宗墨液（国产），玄宗墨液（国产）跟红星墨液最大的区别在于黑度，玄宗墨液（国产）的黑度优于红星墨液，淡墨的层次，表现效果差，笔锋交叉处，呈现糊状。

4、雄狮墨汁，台湾品牌，代表产品为雄狮书法墨汁，黑度强劲，层次感强、浓淡五色、书写流利，合成树脂胶（零下20℃凝结），四季适宜书画，宜书宜裱。适宜练习、出一般作品和出贵重作品用，是票友和专业人士的首选。

5、曹素功墨汁，国内老字号。产品价格低廉。代表性产品为墨块。

颜料

矿物颜料

矿物颜料有朱砂、赭石、石青、石绿、石黄、白粉、金粉、银粉等。除赭石等少数矿物颜料外，多数矿物颜料都具有渗化性差、不透明性、遮盖力强等特点。由于这类颜料源于矿物质，虽经千年亦可保持其鲜艳色彩。

植物颜料

植物颜料有花青、藤黄、胭脂、洋红。植物颜料和化学颜料渗化性较好，透明度高。除藤黄等少数颜料外，大多没有遮盖能力。故一般不宜以色盖色。这正是中国画必须下笔准确，忌反复修改的原因。

化学颜料

化学颜料有曙红、深红、大红、铬黄、天蓝。

特点及用途

赭石：矿物类，但其质较轻清，半透明，可单独使用，也可调和其他颜料后使用，是一种用途广泛的颜料。在淡彩山水中，常作为山石、树干主色，也可用于画夕阳反照下的远山。在花鸟画中，常与墨（调和后成为赭墨）或与其他色料调和，或混合使用，多用于画枝、干、翎毛。在人物画中，常用于人物皮肤底色。调入花青或绿色可用于画远山、老叶子。赭石加藤黄为赭黄，用于深秋黄叶、秋景中的土坡、草间细路。草绿中加入赭石调成苍绿，用于秋天石坡、土径。

朱膘：矿物类或人工合成。常与胭脂、洋红、藤黄调和使用。朱膘调墨可得厚重而偏亮的赭色。

朱砂：矿物类，为天然汞化物，近代也有人工合成的朱砂，遮盖力强，一般是单独使用，且多用浓重之原色点秋天红叶、花，亭台栏杆。不宜与石青、石绿调和使用。实际上，所有矿物颜料，除胭脂外，一般都不宜与植物色相调和。

石青：矿物类，遮盖力极强。在青绿山水中用于罩染突出部位的山石，是青绿山水之主色。在石青制作过程中，将石料研磨澄汰后，按其质地轻重，又可将石青分为头青、二青、三青、四青。一般山水画只用质地较轻的二青、三青，多用于点夹叶、醒点苔。因石青相对粗糙，染山石时，一般要分几次逐步上足色彩，待第一遍干后再着第二遍，忌在未干时反复涂抹。

石绿：矿物类，遮盖力较强。澄汰后也可分为头绿、二绿、三绿、四绿。头绿质地较重，颜色较深，山水画中较少使用。二绿、三绿在淡彩、重彩山水画中使用较为广泛。石绿可与草绿（如花青加藤黄所调成的草绿）结合使用，此时需用套色法（或用草绿打底，待干后罩石绿；或先用石绿平涂，待干后再染草绿）。

石黄：矿物类，在山水画中仅用于点秋景夹叶、秋景苔。画大片成熟的庄稼可先用赭石、藤黄染湿后再点石黄以示成熟。

金粉：矿物类，除一般进口金粉外，还有佛赤泥金和青赤泥金，系用金箔研成，前者色正偏暖，后者发青偏冷。用于重彩山水画和工笔、人物、花鸟画，一般在勾线时方使用。

银粉：矿物类，用途与金粉类同。

白粉：矿物类或人工合成，有铅白、锌白、蛤粉等，铅管所装的又称锌钛白。不透明。画云、雪、瀑布、花鸟、人物等均需用之。锌钛白还可与花青、藤黄、赭石乃至墨等调和使用，但其度较难把握。如画杨树干即可调入绿色。

花青：植物类或人工合成，半透明，可与藤黄、洋红、赭石、白粉等多种颜料调和，用途极为广泛，画山、石、草、木、云、水等均需用花青或其调和色。与藤黄调和，依据比例不同可调和各种绿色。青花调墨后称花青墨，其色为墨绿（螺青）。与曙红或胭脂调和后为紫色。

藤黄：植物类，是藤本植物的树脂所制，有毒不能入口。铅管装藤黄有一定遮盖能力。在山水、花鸟、人物画中，既可单独使用，又可与其他许多颜料或墨（可调成橄榄绿）调和使用，用途广泛。与洋红、朱膘或胭脂可调出橙色，与赭石调和可成檀色。

洋红：又称西洋红、曙红。植物类或人工合成，半透明，在花鸟画中，多单独或调和后，用于画花、红叶、蔬果，用途广泛。在山水画众多用于画亭台、屋顶、红叶等，在人物画众多用于面、唇、底饰等。

胭脂：植物类，为胭脂花制品，半透明。在山水画中用于春天的桃花与秋天的红叶，在花鸟画中可用于画紫红色蔬果、翎毛、花、叶、芽苞，也有用其点花心、勾叶筋的。在人物画中，可用于画人物、棉布、衣饰、花卉配景等。胭脂与曙红、朱膘可调出各种红色系的色相。调入墨则成紫色，调入赭则成赭色胭脂。

大红：与曙红色彩相近，略淡于曙红。用法与曙红类同。

颜色调配方法

颜料中任何一种颜色加入白色都会使之变为粉色或变淡颜色。本颜料与颜料之间可以任意调配使用，若要稀释时只要加少许清水即可。丙烯颜料在水分挥发后即干透，因此作画时对程序要心中有数，以使笔触衔接自然，达到预想效果。

1、草绿：约70％花青＋30％藤黄调配而成，画工笔花卉的叶子最常用的色彩之一。

2、汁绿：约80％藤黄＋15％花青＋5％朱磦调和成的嫩绿色，常用来作为反叶的底色和嫩叶的底色。

3、老绿：草绿中微加墨或微加点胭脂，常用来罩染处于暗部的叶子色彩，薄薄的老绿也可用来渲染反叶。

4、檀香色：约70％藤黄＋20％朱磦＋10％三绿调配而成，加大量水以后常用来刷背景，也可作为嫩芽和托叶的底色。

5、米黄：约70％藤黄＋30％赭石，主要用来刷背景，在重彩画的绘制中打一层米黄底色容易取得色彩和谐。

6、三绿：石绿＋白色而得，白色加的越多则就变成四绿、五绿等。三青、四青等色彩也是同理。

7、老赭：朱磦＋墨调和而成，接近熟褐色。常用来提染枝干或提染叶面被虫咬蚀的部分。

8、胭脂水：胭脂色＋大量水调和而成。主要用来复勒线条，曙红水、花青水等说法同理

9、豆绿色（三绿＋藤黄＋少许酞青蓝）

10、墨红色（曙红＋稍许墨）

11、赭绿色（赭石＋草绿）。

12、古铜色（朱磦＋墨＋少许藤黄＋少许曙红）

13、汁绿色（草绿＋藤黄＋少许朱磦）

14、灰绿色（三绿＋少许墨）

15、芽绿色（汁绿＋藤黄）

16、米黄色（藤黄＋朱磦＋少许墨）

17、桔黄色（藤黄＋朱磦）

18、墨青色（花青＋墨）

19、藏青蓝（酞青蓝＋墨＋少许石青）

20、绛红色（胭脂＋朱磦＋少许墨）

21、紫色（曙红＋少许酞青蓝）

22、墨绿色（草绿＋少许墨）

23、老绿色（草绿＋少许胭脂）

24、翠绿色（酞青蓝＋藤黄＋少许翡翠绿）

25、褐色（赭石＋墨）

26、檀香色（藤黄＋朱磦＋少许三绿）

27、蓝灰色（花青＋白粉＋少许三青）

28、豆沙色（胭脂＋朱磦＋少许花青）

29、土红色（朱磦＋少许胭脂）

30、青绿色（草绿＋少许酞青蓝）

31、四绿色（三绿＋白色）

32、胭脂水（胭脂＋大量水）

33、青灰色（花青＋少许墨＋白色）

34、蓝色（酞青蓝＋三青）

35、朱红色（朱磦＋曙红）

36、紫青色（胭脂＋少许酞青蓝）

推荐颜料

目前，书画店中所售的国画颜料，从包装方式上也有两种：一种是传统手工制作的小纸盒包装的颜料片，质量较好，且加过胶，只要用水化开即可使用。另一种是颜料厂制作的铅管包装的颜料，挤出来即可使用，但质量不如片制颜料。初学绘画，多使用后一种。

初学者选择马利、樱花牌（樱花无沉淀更细腻）都可以。马利黄色包装的可能会有颗粒沉淀，蓝色盒子的颜料更细腻一点。要求高一点的可以去买吉祥牌，另外一开始不建议你们入瓶装或纸包的矿物质颜料，又烧钱又染色时掌握不好比较难出效果。

宣纸

写意画选生宣，工笔画选熟宣，生宣纸又分棉皮，净皮，特皮，檀皮含量多少而定。檀皮量多则是特皮，适合大写意，洇墨厉害，多画于山水画，更能突显水墨意境。小写意用净皮，适应画花鸟画，墨色浓淡相宜好掌握。

画国画的宣纸和卡纸都有生宣，孰宣之分，不同的是着色润染效果。写意画用宣纸画更能突显墨韵感，意境。卡纸晕染效果不及生宣，适应画小写意，浓淡相宜，墨色恰到好处。用卡纸可以画花鸟画，宣纸画山水画，卡纸一个好处是画好了不用裱画直接装框。

用宣纸画画的时可以重复叠色，而卡纸不行润染几次就会起毛边，所以形要准，着色一遍而过。涂背景时也是如此，不适应反复上色，深浅掌握好，两遍而过。初学者适合用宣纸画，花鸟画，山水画画个一遍，熟练生巧后换卡纸画。

推荐用纸

与中国画笔墨最为匹配的载体无疑要首推安徽径县出产的宣纸，这种纸在发挥中国画笔墨表现力方面很强，物理性能稳定。

徽州的宣纸最好，品牌有很多，名牌的初学者不适用，一般的就可以。除了红星，双鹿，汪同王的宣纸很好用，墨润效果还不错。用宣纸画画外还可以尝试用卡纸画画，不用裱画，直接装框就好。

在选择熟宣纸时一定要慎重，好纸不一定白，太白说明增白剂太多，不利久藏；好的熟宣纸纸白但不刺眼，反光柔和，纸内不能有草梗、沙粒、裂口、洞眼及其他附着物。

生宣纸

熟宣纸

镇纸

作画时维镇纸是中国古代传统工艺品。指写字作画时用以压纸的东西，常见的多为长方条形，因故也称作镇尺、压尺。

镇纸的材质多种多样，以玉、瓷、竹、木、铁、铜居多，上面通常雕刻有兰、菊、梅、竹并配以诗句的图案，也有动物和人物的立体形象。

推荐镇纸

现在市场上有各种各样的镇纸，可以根据自己的需求购买。

1、Noritake则武宫崎骏龙猫TOTORO站立水晶镇纸

2、青云笔社小鹅镇秦陵水禽系列镇纸

3、弘可手工铸铁小猫咪镇纸

4、臻言粉莲水晶镇纸

5、御宝阁纯手工景德镇手绘陶瓷镇纸

手工绘制的陶瓷镇纸有两款可选，一个是葫芦蟋蟀，还有是墨趣。

6、臻言加重款国画蓝图方镇纸

7、臻言原创加重款云山书画镇纸

笔洗

笔洗是一种传统工艺品，属于文房四宝笔、墨、纸、砚之外的一种文房用具，是用来盛水洗笔的器皿，以形制乖巧、种类繁多、雅致精美而广受青睐，传世的笔洗中，有很多是艺术珍品。笔洗有很多种质地，包括瓷、玉、玛瑙、珐琅、象牙和犀角等，基本都属于名贵材质。各种笔洗中，最常见的是瓷笔洗。

笔洗的作用是可以润笔，在绘画中，许多用水特技都是靠笔洗来实现。

初学者预算不够可以随便找个水桶代替。推荐几个笔洗的店铺荣宝斋、宝霆容山堂/RONGSHANGTANG、赋比兴等。

毛毡

制作书画毡的材料主要是羊毛或化纤，因材料和工艺的差别，而产出各式各样的书画毡。

用它衬在宣纸下面，防止画画时的墨汁、颜色等渗透到宣纸背面的桌面上、进而污染宣纸，弄得画面上一塌糊涂；衬了毛毡，因为毛毡不吸水，就不会发生上述现象了。画国画用的毛毡在国画用品商店里有售，大小不一，根据自己的画幅大小选购。

初学者用一块常见的带有米字格的书画毡就差不多，市面上这类书画毡有50厘米×50厘米的，也有50厘米×70厘米的。

购买之前，务必看清楚毛毡的大小。然后看毛毡上米字格的大小，一般毛毡上的格子大小为10厘米，小一点的毛毡的格子可能是9厘米的。可以看厚度，以这种印有米字格的书画毡来说，质量特别次的毛毡都不会太厚，有时候墨汁太多还真有可能透过去。厚度2毫米以上的毛毡，对于国画初学者来说就够了。

如果要画大幅的作品，那就需要买大的厚的毛毡，更大更厚的毛毡托墨性能和吸墨能力更强，显然也更合适。

砚台

砚台是用来磨墨和装墨汁的，初学者可用小碟子代替用来装墨。如果想拥有更好的砚台可以选购妙峰牌徐公砚。

其他

纸胶带/水胶带：绷宣纸用的；

喷壶：绷绢、做特殊效果时会使用；

底纹笔/底纹刷：用来刷底色的大刷子，羊毫做的，要很软才行；

美工钉、盘子（调色用）。

国画技法

国画技法的主要有构思、构图、用笔、用墨、设色、收拾等方面，其中用笔用墨为最基本的技法）。

构思——又叫立意，即作画之前的形象思维过程。

构图——即六法中的“经营位置”，又叫置陈布势等。亦即画面各种物象的位置、比例、墨色等的安排。

用笔——即六法中的“骨法用笔”，有线描、勾勒、皴、擦、点染，笔用中锋、逆锋、藏锋、露锋、拖笔、破点等。

用墨——经历代画家发展有：焦、浓、重、淡、清、退、埃、宿等各种墨色，运用时须各得其所。又有泼墨、破墨（即浓淡相生）等具体技法。

设色——白描：不设色，全用线条表现，或仅以淡墨、淡水色稍加渲染。重彩：一般指工笔重彩、勾勒填色、大青绿等。淡彩：以墨色为主调，敷以淡彩色。没骨：纯用色彩画，并不勾线。（纯用墨点染，不沟勒的亦叫没骨。）

收拾——画成以后再作整体收拾，使全画最后达到气韵生动的境界。

笔墨

中国画表现形象的基本手段。我国历代画家在长期历史发展的过程中，已经形成了一套完整的笔墨技法和创造技巧。

笔墨表现形式

有白描、工笔、写其细部，整个画面纯用墨色，有的再加淡墨渲染。

白描——用细线勾画出物象轮廓及其细部，整个画面纯用墨色。有的再加淡墨渲染。

白描从线条的粗细可分三类：较粗的线条叫琴弦，较细的线条叫铁线，极细的线条叫游丝。工笔画常常用这几种线条来表现作品，钉头鼠尾描、兰叶描、高古游丝描、铁线描、行云流水描。不论采用哪种线描，都突“写”字，使每一条线具有书法气韵。

工笔——勾勒细腻精巧的叫工笔，工即工整工细之意，敷色也层也渲染，显得浑厚浓重。

工笔画是通过线条去观察、反映事物的，根据事物在轮廓和外表上的明确特征来了解事物。线条连绵不断、细密均匀，贯穿着整个事物形体的始终，表现出蓬勃灵动而精工逼真的视觉外貌。因此，线条成为画面的统领者，其视觉观察的方式是客观而具体的。

写意——只写物象的大意，用笔简练流畅，笔墨自然，不用色的写意画，又称“水墨画”。

勾勒着色——亦称“单线平涂”。它用笔先勾出物象边线，中间用墨或用色平涂。

粗细相间——亦称“兼工带写”。它比工笔要粗，比写意要工。

粗中有细——如花草画得粗，但绕花飞动的小虫、蝴蝶、或蜻蜓等则画得很细。

没骨法——一般不用墨线勾轮廓。

泼墨法——是没骨法的扩展，用大块墨色，再运用自然形成的浓淡，加上较细的笔道，有的地方还露出飞白，这样才见精神。

界画——一部或大部分用直尺画墨线组成的画，主要表现庄严雄韦的建筑物，如宫殿、庙宇、楼阁、亭台、水榭等，以及整齐精致的家具陈设等。

设色

设色即六法中的“随类赋彩”。不同的色彩赋不同的感情，画家往往用色彩来表达他的感情。中国画常用的颜色有墨、藤黄、石黄、土黄、胭脂、洋红、朱砂、朱膘、赭石、花青、石青（可分头青、二青、三青等三种）、石绿（也分头绿、二绿、三绿等三种），白粉等。但基本颜色只有红、黄、蓝三种，即洋红、藤黄和花青。把上面的颜色加以配合，可以调出许多种颜色来。

墨彩

工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即对形象勾线或不勾线，完全用墨的浓淡来表现的叫墨彩。墨彩以淡雅为佳，因它用浓墨的面积不宜过大、过多，因为重墨多易使画面产生沉浊之感，但亦不能淡而失神，要使浓淡相宜，才具有清新神韵的效果。

淡彩

工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即先墨彩的方法把对象画到八九分，然后用淡薄的色彩稍作渲染的叫淡彩。淡彩要做到色不碍墨、墨不离色，既能融合一体，又能显示墨的韵味，才能产生一种淡雅、朴素的效果。

粉彩

工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。在表现方法上多用于勾染和没骨。在颜色运用上以植物颜色和白粉为主，以水彩和淡薄的矿物质色为辅。粉彩勾线切忌用一色的浓墨，而要施淡墨为主。因为墨丝过浓和粉彩相并，则容易显得枯僵，缺乏妍丽。调粉的色彩不宜过厚，但也不能太淡薄，过淡则无神，要做到薄中见厚。粉彩用粉是重要关键。粉和色要用到晕化自然，不露粉痕，不显料气，干净滋润，才能发挥粉彩鲜明娇丽的特点。

重彩

工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。重彩勾勒勾染的方法，并以服务态度和物质色为主，因用色比较厚重，所以色感较富丽带有装饰性称为重彩。重彩渲染要作到薄中见厚，厚中生津，染不露痕，深浅自然。切忌脏、花、斑、枯、火、腻等。这些毛病多出于顺序不对，用笔不轻顺，用色过厚或厚薄不匀。　

线描

中国民族绘画的主要造型手段。是构成中国画民族风格的一个要素。线描是运用线的轻重、浓淡、粗细、方圆、转折、顿挫、虚实、长短、干湿、刚柔、疾徐等不同的笔法来表现物象的体积、形态、质感、量感和运动感的一种方法。它不着颜色，有时可有一些淡墨来略加渲染，具有独特的表现形式和造型规律，并富有韵味。用线的变化，要与造型的形式美紧密相连。其线或刚健、或婀娜、或轻灵、或凝重，由于用笔多变遂产生极为丰富的感觉。中国画用线造型的历史悠久，通过历代画家的长期实践和不断地创造，积累了大量的极为丰富的线描技法经验，仅画人物衣褶的描法就有“十八描”。

用线描来造型的特点是清晰、简练、富有装饰性，可以完美地刻划各种现象，表现出千变万化的各种物象的新的生命。

白描

中国画中完全用线条来表现物象的称“白描”。白描有单勾和复勾两种。用线一次成的单勾。单勾有用一色墨勾成的，也有根据不同对象用浓淡两种墨勾成的，例如花用淡墨勾，叶用浓墨勾。复勾是先用淡墨全部勾好，然后根据表面具体情况决定复勾一部分或全部。复勾的线不能依原路的线刻板地重迭地勾一道。复勾的目的，是加重质感和浓淡的变化，使物象显得更有神彩。复勾的线必须流畅自然，更防止受原线路的约束，否则复勾的线很易呆板。物象的形、神、光、色、体积、质感等关系就靠线条来表现，从某咱意义上说来，它比别的画法更不易掌握。白描要特别注意“朴素简洁”、“概括明确”的特点。在构图上的取舍力求单纯，对虚实、疏密要偏重于对比较强烈的安排，层次要分明，在线的处理上要带有装饰性、旋律性，防止碎乱、呆板、松散等毛病。

刘公华白描仕女图

皴法

国画表现技法之一。早期山水画的主要表现手法，是以线条勾勒轮廓，然后敷色。随着绘画的发展，为了表现山石树木的脉络纹路和（凸凹），因地质的结构不同，表现在山岳的外形上也各不相同。

石涛深山秋水图

皴法的种类

一般有（1）披麻皴、（2）乱麻皴、（3）芝麻皴、（4）大斧劈、（5）小斧劈皴、（6）卷云皴、（7）雨点皴（雨雪皴）、（8）弹涡皴、（9）荷叶皴、（10）矾头皴、（11）骷髅皴、（12）鬼皮皴、（13）解索皴、（14）、乱柴皴、（15）牛毛皴、（16）马牙皴、（17）斫皴、（18）点错皴；（19）豆瓣皴、（20）刺梨皴（豆瓣皴之变）、（21）破网皴、（22）折带皴、（23）泥里拨钉皴、（24）拖泥带水皴、（25）金碧皴、（26）没骨皴、（27）直擦皴、（28）横擦皴等。

墨法

古人说“墨即是色”，浓淡水墨可代替各种色彩。用墨要有浓淡干湿，只干不湿太瘠枯，只湿不干太臃肿，浓淡干湿结合起来，变化多，生动而有气韵。

用墨之法

一般有焦墨、积墨、破墨、擂墨等。焦墨是一种磨得极浓的墨，用焦墨的旁边须有浓淡墨为之晕浑，否则焦墨孤立，难见笔意。

积墨：用浓墨和淡墨连敷几次，有一种深厚的味道。

破墨：先用淡墨上纸，趁湿用湿墨加上，化出奇纱的韵味。拧在纸上捺转，略似鱼鳞，由浓渐淡，参差不齐，谓之擂墨。所以用墨和用笔不分不开的。

用笔六要

一要自然有力，切忌呆滞。

二要变化而有联系，要将粗、细、浓、淡、长、短、横、直、干、湿、轻、重根据物象参差需用，既有变化，还要互相联系。

三要苍老而滋润，苍老就显出含蓄的笔力，用笔光滑就显得雅嫩，过于苍老亦易枯燥，故须在苍老中滋润，也就是干湿并用。

四要松灵而凝炼，松灵比自然更进一步，要活泼轻松有生趣，切忌油滑、轻浮，轻松之中要有重厚，凝练是一笔画去到尽端有回锋。

五要刚柔相济，即在轻柔中有骨力。所谓“线棉裹铁”才能稳厚，刚健的锋中要参以巧运，“扛鼎中有妩媚。”故一笔中要能刚健婀娜兼有之。

六要巧拙互用，用笔朴质显得老实，故要在巧笔中夹几笔拙，在拙笔中夹几笔巧，应巧拙互用，方为得法。

国画笔法

讲基本运笔技法之前我们要先了解握笔的姿势。

国画的笔法有六种，分别是中锋、侧锋、逆锋、拖锋、折钗股与屋漏痕、飞白锋。

中锋

中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中，始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是：笔力饱满，内涵丰富。外柔内刚，极富表现力。

侧锋

侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度，笔尖不在墨线中间，笔尖在墨线一侧，并出现飞白的效果。

逆锋

逆锋是相对于正手位置顺行方向的反方向毛笔运行方法。逆锋运笔阻力增大，笔锋聚散，松紧变化不同于顺笔意味。特点是笔力刚硬，力透纸背，但缺少柔劲。不可常用，适可而止。

露锋

于藏锋的运笔刚好相反，它以笔尖着纸，故意露出笔锋，收笔时渐行渐提笔杆。以这种笔法画出的线条灵活而飘逸。

藏锋

笔锋要藏而不露，画出的线条才沉着含蓄，力透纸背。

顺锋

运笔与逆锋相反，采用拖笔运行，画出的线条轻快流畅、灵秀活泼。

扩展资料

所谓笔法，写字作画用笔的方法，即中国画特有的用线方法。中国书画主要都以线条表现，所用工具都是尖锋毛笔，要使书画的线条点画富有变化，必先讲究执笔，在运笔时掌握轻重、快慢、偏正、曲直等方法，称为“笔法”。

国画有着自己明显的特征，讲究“气韵生动”，不拘泥于物体外表的肖似，而多强调抒发作者的主观情趣。中国画讲求“以形写神”，追求一种“妙在似与不似之间”的感觉。

讲究笔墨神韵，笔法要求：平、圆、留、重、变。墨法要求墨分五色，焦、浓、重、淡、清。

讲究“骨法用笔”，不讲究焦点透视，不强调环境对于物体的光色变化的影响。

讲究空白的布置和物体的“气势”。

国画分科

国画总分为工笔和写意两种，大致又分工笔花鸟，工笔山水，工笔人物，写意花鸟，写意山水，写意人物等。写意用生宣，工笔用熟宣，也有半生不熟的纸可以画一些兼工带写。

国画的细分科按形式分，工笔，写意；工笔讲究“工”，用笔细致，需要细细勾勒反复渲染的；写意讲“意”，用笔洒脱，以形写神，一笔到位。按题材分，人物、花鸟、山水。

工笔

工笔画步骤

起稿

可用铅笔在图画纸上对临起稿，或直接拷贝临本，用HB铅笔将画稿拷贝到绢或熟宣纸上，铅笔线要轻、淡。也可直接把画稿拷贝到白纸上，特别是用绢画时，这样可以避免画稿变形，铅笔线以绷稿后看清为准。

也可以去买个拷贝台，把起好的稿子或打印的图纸放在拷贝台上，再把熟宣/绢蒙在上面拷贝，这样拷贝的图精确度稍高一点。画熟练了就可以直接用勾线笔上墨线了！

绷稿

要求：先在画板上裱贴一张白纸，待干后将绢或熟宣纸绷到画板上。具体绷绢步骤可以看这个：如何绷娟

所需材料：图钉、浆糊、水。

1、首先，把框子装好，然后把绢放在框子上摆好。

2、然后，在绢的一头按上图钉，另一边喷水，慢慢展开。

3、喷湿后慢慢调整，差不多了可以涂浆糊，继续调整。不要特别紧，因为绢干了也会收缩，另外绢本身有织的纹路，拉扯变形了就不好了。

4、然后把最后一条边涂上浆糊，折好。绢的外部也可以再涂一层浆糊。

5、等干了就可以上色了，看看效果。

注意事项：

1、草稿：使用铅笔打草稿，纸张不要求。

2、过稿：将草稿放置在拷贝台上，上面覆一层熟宣，使用勾线笔（花枝俏、小叶筋等均可）将画稿勾在宣纸上，这样的作品称为白描。

3、渲：在画好的草稿上用墨来表现画面的明暗，方法是：使用两支较大的笔（一般为大白云）一支蘸墨，一支蘸水，先点墨，在墨没干之前用水渲开，造成一个自然的过渡。

4、染：方法和渲的步骤差不多，不过使用的是国画颜料，这一步较为麻烦。为了让色彩更加均匀厚实，一般要进行多次，有“三矾九染”之说。

勾线

勾线的用笔方法分为中锋和侧锋，工笔人物画中以中锋为主。

中锋：中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中，始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是：笔力饱满，内涵丰富。外柔内刚，极富表现力。中锋线圆润、浑厚、匀整，并且有弹性。也要注意墨线的浓墨变化，适当时加入清水调试。

侧锋：侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度，笔尖不在墨线中间，笔尖在墨线一侧，并出现飞白的效果。

勾线用笔的起止很重要，每一条线无论长短都必须有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。要求“起笔藏锋、运笔中锋、收笔回锋”，这是线描的主要技法要点。画人物和花鸟都需要了解勾线技巧。

着染

传统工笔画的着染方法总体来说可以分为分染、罩染、勾填等方法，分染和罩染是传统工笔人物画和花鸟中最常用的技法。山水的话还要用到“皴”的技法，以体现山脉特有的肌理。

分染：是把平面的线描按其结构、纹理用色或墨渲染出一定的层次和体积关系。分染时，准备一支笔蘸色，一支笔蘸清水把颜色均匀地烘淡。分染法采用分层叠加的方法进行设色，它的优点是色彩厚重饱和，层次变化丰富，表现力强。

罩染：绘画，在着色时，先铺底，后罩色，这种方法就叫罩染。一般是先用渲染法铺上底色，颜色应厚重一些，可以层层复加。由深到淡，要表现出其明暗、层次。再根据需要再平涂一二次翠色，颜色要淡薄。底色和罩色的选择要根据所绘物体本身的特点，目的是使二者相得益彰，产生厚重、鲜明、复杂、丰富的色彩效果。画山水用水墨皴染，可罩染花青和赭石等。

背染：在绢的背面衬色以使正面的颜色更厚重，丰富画面层次。背面使用的是平涂的方法，植物色和矿物色均可。这几个步骤应该是交替进行的，要想画的细腻，这些动作可能要重复很多遍。

复勾

有些地方染完颜色后，之前勾线的部分变得不是很明显了，需要重新勾一遍。这时候勾千万要注意浓淡，颜色重了容易生硬呆板匠气，线条尽量保持流畅，毕竟是附在最上面的。

刷胶矾水

为了防止熟绢跑矾，在设色之前，要在绢的背面刷一遍胶矾水。古人把胶矾称作“伐绢之斧”。未刷胶矾水的绢和宣纸，称作生绢、生宣，是画写意画的材料。刷过胶矾水的绢和宣纸，其性能发生了改变，称之为熟绢、熟宣，适合画工笔画。

1、胶矾水有制作熟绢、固定颜色、保护画面的作用。

胶：黄明胶，又名广胶，颗粒状的效果比较好。使用时用冷水泡上几分钟，去掉浮灰，加入热水搅拌，胶粒全部溶解后即可，但不能用开水，开水会使粘度降低。

矾：又称明矾，主要产自安徽庐江，头天用凉水浸泡，第二天用。

2、胶矾水的混合比一般7:3较为适当，矾大胶小，染墨色时会颜色板滞、难以染匀。胶大矾小则会出现滑笔，墨、色易脱落等问题。

3、刷胶矾水，刷胶矾水的环境最好在温度25度左右的晴天，温度过低胶矾会很快凝固，不易刷匀。

装裱

古语有云：“三分字画，七分裱”，精致的装裱工艺不仅可以使字画得到更好的保护，同时也能起到烘托字画，突出神韵的作用。书画装裱的步骤一般是先用纸托裱在绘画作品的背后，再用绞、绢、纸等镶边，然后安装轴杆成卷轴或者装框条成镜框。传统的装裱是多种多样的，但其成品按形制可分为挂轴，手卷，册页三大类。原裱的绘画不论画心的大小、形状、及裱后的用途，都只有托裱画心、镶覆、砑装三个步骤。

第一步：观察字画

揣摩原作的气度，以利于更好地选择装裱材料烘托原作气质。

第二步：托裱画心

1、将画心反铺在干净的画案上，用喷壶在画心背面均匀喷洒水花；

2、待画心潮润且平整得贴附在画案上时，用排笔在画心背面均匀刷浆；

3、一手持特制的装裱棕刷，一手持略大于画心的托纸，对齐一边，用棕刷自上而下排扫托纸，逐渐使整张托纸平整贴附于画心背面；

4、用手指在托纸边缘均匀抹上浆糊；

5、待画心略干后，轻轻揭起，转贴至挣墙晾干。

第三步：镶条

1、待画心干透，用裁刀将其从墙面取下，裁去托纸不整齐的边角部分；

2、在画心四角均匀抹浆，镶上助条；

3、在助条边缘抹浆，镶上边条。

第四步：覆背

在已镶条的画作后重复第二个步骤。

第五步：装框

已制成的画作如需装框则在画作干透后进行平整，镶装画框；如做成卷轴，则应在画作上下装上天杆和地杆，并牵上挂绳，拴入绛色丝带。

注意事项

一般的装裱能够收藏的是手工的，浆糊的质量也是收藏时间的保证。裱画的糨糊不同于普通的糨糊，不仅黏稠度和透明度有所差别，并且在熬制时还要加入一些防治蠹虫的配料

推荐临摹书籍

人物

白描：《八十七神仙卷》练线描这一本完全够了。如果觉得难度大的，可以进行局部练习。

工笔设色

《簪花仕女图》、韩熙载夜宴图、《虢国夫人游春图》、《捣练图》、《洛神赋图》等

《簪花仕女图》局部

《虢国夫人游春图》局部

花鸟

宋代小品、宋徽宗、陈老莲花鸟集。

山水

山水小品、《千里江山图》、长桥卧波图、马远夏圭。

写意

国画的一种画法，用笔不苛求工细，注重神态的表现和抒发作者内心的情感。最初起源于绘画，兴起于北宋，要求在形象之中有所蕴涵和寄寓，让"象"具有表意功能或成为表意的手段。

分类

写意画分为小写意和大写意，所谓的小写意，更倾向于水墨画法写物象之实，上接元人墨花墨禽的传统；而所谓的大写意，更倾向于以水墨画法表现画家的主观感情，继承的是宋元的文人墨戏传统。

欣赏写意画

画写意首先要练审美。培养对美的感受力，学会欣赏。要对中国美术史上这些大量的作品进行阅读，至少要知道什么是经典什么是真的美。

古代写意画

现代写意画

绘画步骤

白菜、萝卜画法

①用中号长锋狼毫或羊毫调淡墨画菜的叶柄，趁湿马上蘸较浓墨画出菜根和根须。换用一支大号羊毫斗笔调淡墨画菜叶，注意笔腹含水要饱满，根据菜叶的结构、方向，分几笔画出菜叶，每笔菜叶的墨团形状大小浓淡要稍有区别，不能画成一样。笔与笔之间要注意衔接，既不能让它们模棱模糊，又不能搞得支离破碎。趁湿用长锋小狼毫勾出菜叶上的叶脉。

②用同一支笔蘸浓墨以中锋画缚菜的草束。要掌握画草束的时间，迟了叶柄水分已干，画上去的草束就会浮起来。如果太早，草束的墨色会漫糊开来，影响其质感。总之要干湿得当，渗化适度。

③根据红萝卜的圆形结构，用一支干净的短锋羊毫笔蘸胭脂调合一下，分左右两笔画出萝卜的球茎。同时注意适当地在中间留些空白，以表现萝卜的高光，然后又用较深的颜色点须画根。再用同一支笔洗一下，蘸朱磦底画胡萝卜。为了加强胡萝卜的质感，可在朱磦底里调点胭脂。画时，同样要注意胡萝卜的造型特点，依据结构运笔。

④再用同一支笔洗净后蘸藤黄加花青调成汁绿。为了色调和谐，可在汁绿里再少量调点朱磦底，画出红萝卜叶柄的基部，然后又添画上小小的萝卜叶。两片萝卜的叶子要注意稍分浓淡。最后用中羊毫笔调赭墨画上蘑菇，画时同样要注意几只蘑菇的不同方向和前后层次。

牵牛花画法

①先画藤蔓：用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨去画，用笔要悬腕中锋，轻快舒缓之中见遒劲，墨色要稍有变化，笔尖含水要干一点，以表现枝蔓的坚韧柔软。枝蔓是全画的架子，因此，要注意全局的位置经营。

②次画叶子：用短锋大羊毫笔调次浓墨去画，注意在蘸墨时要使笔头各部位含墨含水分量不同，这样一笔下去叶片即有浓淡变化。画叶要依据牵牛花叶片特点，每叶分三笔画成。点叶要注意疏密大小和方向的区别。

③用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾出叶脉。换用一支干净的短锋中羊毫笔，用胭脂加花青调成紫红色画花冠。牵牛花花冠上部色深，基部呈白色，因此用笔时要根据这个特点在花心留出空白，花型要圆润，色泽要饱满。两朵花要分浓淡。又蘸较深的花色点出未放的花蕾，注意花蕾与主花间的呼应。

④用三绿加一点藤黄，调成淡绿色染花蕊底色，趁湿又用短锋羊毫调藤黄加白，一笔画上花蕊。然后用长锋小狼毫蘸浓墨画上花托，又添上浓浓淡淡的藤蔓，使全画完整起来。最后略加苔点，使画面增添变化。

花球画法

①先画花球:用长锋小狼毫调淡墨逐个勾出组成花球的一朵朵小花。用墨要略分浓淡，花形要有变化，使花球有立体感。接着用短锋大羊毫调成浓绿蘸墨分组画上叶子。

②用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾叶脉。勾时把叶子分成上下两组，上边一组的叶脉墨色较深，下面一组叶子的叶脉用墨稍淡，以分出前后两组的层次。换用一支长锋狼毫笔调淡墨画枝干。随画随加浓墨，用较干的墨色去画较小的枝干。

③再用较淡的绿添画几笔嫩叶，增加叶子的又一个层次。接着用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨画出花球里的花柄，用墨要较干，使浓重的墨色衬托出洁净的花球。接着在叶间添画一团掩藏着的花球，方法与前同。

④最后用长锋羊毫笔调藤黄加三绿。淡淡地染上花色。趁湿用藤黄调朱磦底点花蕊。渲染花球既要染出立体感，又要注意花色的洁净。

枇杷画法

①用大号斗笔浸些清水，又挤去笔肚里过多的水分，乘湿蘸上墨，稍微在调色盆里调合一下。注意不要调得太"熟"，使笔肚中含的墨色浓淡不匀方好。这时开始顺笔画叶子，随画又要随时蘸点水，使画上去的几片叶子既有浓淡的变化，又有滋润丰厚的感觉。

②淡墨中锋勾出枇杷轮廓，注意用笔的圆正，以表现枇杷果实的立体感。接着用浓墨画完枝干。待叶子略干，换一支叶筋笔蘸上浓墨趁潮在叶子上勾出叶脉。勾叶脉时，笔端要稍干些，可用废纸把笔上蘸的墨吸去少许后再勾。前后几片叶子的叶脉要分浓淡，故画后面叶子时，可调点清水后去画，但注意笔端仍须稍干，以免漫糊。

③等枇杷的墨色已干，用一支干净的羊毫笔蘸藤黄调点朱磦上枇杷圆形的结构用笔，以表现枇把的立体感。

④趁色尚湿，用浓墨点上果蒂。果蒂要点得稍大，用笔稍重，使笔尖稍微叉开，以表现枇杷蒂毛茸茸的质感。最后用调进少许藤黄的淡螺青点染枝干，加上苔点，使画面更丰富完整。

玉兰画法

①先画花瓣:用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨色花瓣。墨色要洁净，用笔要爽快。为表现玉兰花瓣比较厚重的白色，可趁勾勒花瓣的墨色未干之际，再在瓣尖上加上小小的两点浓墨。接着用短锋大羊毫笔调淡墨染花底，染时要见笔。

②趁湿用短锋狼毫蘸浓墨点花蕊，花蕊的墨色会在刚染上去的淡墨花底上稍稍渗开。又用长锋大狼毫蘸浓墨画主干。用墨要稍干，用笔要苍劲，使枝干与洁白圆润的花瓣产生强烈的对比。然后再蘸清水化成次浓墨画横卧着的另一组枝干，画时要注意整幅画面的气势。趁湿再用浓墨点苔。

③接着调淡墨画花蕾和花托。画花蕾不仅要强调与主体花冠的呼应，还应配合整幅画的全局气势。花蕾与枝干的连接要合理，要符合玉兰的生长规律。④趁湿赶紧在花托上用小狼毫笔蘸浓墨点绒毛斑点。这一步要十分注意水分的的掌握，不能等干了再画，否则无论如何也画不出花托绒毛这种茸茸的感觉。最后点苔收拾整理。

推荐临摹书籍

山水

董源《潇湘图》、巨然《万壑松风图》、李成《寒林平野图》、范宽《溪山行旅图》、郭熙《早春图》、李唐《万壑松风图》、马远《踏歌图》《寒江独钓》、夏圭《溪山清远图》、黄公望《富春山居图》、倪瓒、吴镇《渔父图》、王蒙《青卞隐居图》、沈周、石涛、査士标。

花鸟

恽寿平、八大山人、徐熙、徐渭、文同、金农、法常、赵孟頫、管道升、王冕、赵之谦、齐白石等画家的花鸟作品。

人物

梁楷、唐伯虎、任伯年、陈洪绶等画家作品。

学习步骤

临摹

临摹是学习中国画技法的一种便捷方法，对范画可以先局部临摹，也叫分解练习，然后再临摹整幅作品，这样可以学得深秀。临摹尽量要象，“察之者尚精，拟之者贵似”，要通过临摹反复体会其造型方法、用笔方法、墨色变化等。临摹整幅作品时再体会构图特点、主次虚实关系、层次关系、呼应关系、色调变化等等。从临摹中掌握了一定的技法以后再试着进行变化和创造，心中就有数了。

临摹的目的是学习、借鉴他人的技法。临摹与写生相较，写生为主，临摹为次，写生是源，临摹是流。

临，把画放在桌上，对着画。摹，则是用一张透明的薄纸盖在画上，用笔墨描摹。摹画也叫拓画。临摹要防止犯“结壳”“游魂”“附影子”等弊病。“结壳”，即是学习古人或老师的技法，而被之束缚，不能变化、发展。“游魂”，就是东学一点，西学一点，浅尝辄止，不能融会贯通。“附影子”，即只能依赖前人的稿子或一家一派的门户，一离开，便寸步难行，作不出画。

临摹要和默写结合起来，中国画的创作方法很重视默写。提高默写能力要靠深入掌握物象的造型特点和规律及运笔用墨的规律。因此，临摹一定要认真体会。

结合临摹平时要注意多欣赏名家名作，可以反复欣赏品味，此外还要多参观画展，汲取各家之长，开阔眼界，开拓思路，丰富技法手段，提高修养。在观摩和学习时可随时记录一下构图、技法特点、题款内容和自己的感受。只要认真扎实地学习，肯定会有大的进步。

写生

通过写生可以进一步了解自然山水、花鸟和结构及动态规律，可以大量搜集创作素材，锻炼造型能力，进一步丰富知识和绘画技巧，在大自然中得到新鲜的感受。这是提高绘画创作水平必不可少的重要环节。

写生之前要多观察、多分析。写生的工具不必过于讲究，铅笔、钢笔、毛笔都可以，纸张随便，关键是要画得严肃、认真。写生的过程就是学习、观察大自然的过程，达到搜集创作素材提高创作能力的目的。

画外功

与绘画技巧相适应，还需具备多方面的知识。如书法技巧和文学修养都需作相应的提高。这是培养审美观念、增进鉴别能力的基础。只有多读书（小说、散文、诗歌及绘画理论都需要读）、勤练书法才能满足学习绘画的要求。练习书法不仅仅是为了适应题字落款的需要，更重要的是书法也是国画的基本功。要通过练习书法，提高笔线的表现能力，加强墨晕的风骨，以书入画格调情趣自然更高。

创作

初学国画不必急于创作，应先在以上三方面打下扎实的基础，苦练基本功。有了一定的基础后，可以慢慢试着进行创作。

创作阶段

第一阶段可以参考资料，借助别人作品的造型或笔墨技法，按照自己的创作意图去试着创作。这个阶段也叫初级阶段。通过这一阶段可以初步摸索到创作方面的规律。

第二阶段，待掌握了一定的技法之后，便可以较自由地进行创作。这一阶段是巩固和灵活运用技法阶段，通过这个阶段的练习，可使技法更熟练，构图变化更丰富。

第三阶段——成熟阶段。技法的成熟的标志不是按照一个模式的纯熟，而是根据不同意境、感觉、情趣的要求不断变化技法，体现出随机应变、运用自如而又不断创新。这一阶段的追求是情趣的表现及创作内涵的深化，是既有“法”度而又不为法度所束缚。以法作画，千篇一律，以情作画，变化万千。这是高超的技法和高深修养的结合，是我们追求的目的。初学者只要得法，用功，是会达到这一目标的。

学国画素材

花鸟素材

竹子

1、蘸淡墨勾画竹叶，用相同的笔法画出三片为一组的竹叶。依次增加叶子，注意竹叶方向、大小等要有变化，下笔时两头轻中间重。

2、淡墨勾画竹子的主干，待半干后浓墨勾画竹节。最后用淡墨勾画竹子的分支。

牡丹

1、整笔蘸粉色，笔尖蘸曙红画花瓣，依次增加花瓣。画出整朵花头，注意整朵花的形状要错落有变。

2、整笔蘸粉色，笔尖蘸曙红点出花苞，画出左右相邻的小花瓣。最后用淡绿色加胭脂画出花尊。

3、整笔蘸淡绿色，笔尖蘸淡墨侧锋画出整组牡丹叶子。浓墨勾叶筋，墨绿加胭脂画枝条。

麻雀

1、蘸赭石加淡墨侧锋点出鸟的头部，中锋画背羽，侧锋画上下翅。浓墨点斑纹、飞羽、尾羽、眼睛嘴，最后以淡墨画胸腹。

2、赭石加淡墨侧锋画出头部，中锋画背羽，侧锋画上下翅，浓墨画嘴，点眼睛。淡墨画胸腹，浓墨点斑纹、飞羽和尾羽，浓墨中锋画腿，浓墨画爪子。

小鸡

1、蘸中墨侧锋画出头部，侧锋点出翅膀，随后用干墨勾画尾部。浓墨画嘴和眼睛，淡墨画胸部和大腿，待半干时用浓墨勾画脚。

2、蘸浓墨，行侧锋画出头部，侧锋画翅膀，淡墨画胸部和大腿，最后浓墨勾画嘴、脚。

翠鸟

1、蘸三青点出鸟的头部，运侧锋画出身子和上下翅。采浓墨画嘴、尾羽、飞羽并点上眼睛。用钛白点鸟身斑纹，淡赭石染胸部，朱砂染嘴与鸟爪，最后用藤黄染眼珠。

2、三青加花青点出头部，用浓墨画出眼睛并勾画嘴巴，再画出头上的毛。三青加花青画鸟毛，用淡赭石画出腹部，浓墨勾画轮廓，朱砂染嘴和勾画鸟爪，藤黄染眼珠。

喜鹊

蘸浓墨勾画嘴和眼睛，浓墨画头部和颈羽。蘸中墨侧锋行笔画胸腹，画背羽留白羽，浓墨画翅羽，并为其添加尾羽。淡墨中锋行笔画胸腹，腿爪用浓墨勾画，鹅黄染眼珠。

学国画的好处

学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情，不仅能解放人的天性、给人带来满足感、成就感，而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。

1、学国画是人生良伴。人的一生分为很多阶段，少年时，可以以画言志；青壮年时，生活压力巨大，可以以画解压；等到年过中年，孩子都已成家立业，自己也临近退休，内心难免会有孤独之感，此时可以画画消遣。学国画的人，随着自己的文化积淀，艺术修养的不断提升，他的画作也如陈年老酒，愈发醇香，愈发动人。

2、学国画能陶冶情操。学习国画讲求的是意境，讲究内涵，真、善、美。通过笔墨抒发感情，培养艺术气息，陶冶情操。艺术气息会一直伴随着你，生活中有了艺术，你会感觉到自己的世界都是带着诗情画意。

3、学国画能提高审美。中国画具有简练、概括的特点，在学国画时，注意力集中，执笔、行笔要运气用力，这样就养成了良好的学习习惯，不仅可以培养学习能力、理解能力，而且还可以提高审美能力和学习兴趣。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情，不仅能解放人的天性，给人带来满足感、成就感，而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。学国画的人，随着自己的文化积淀、艺术修养的不断提升，所作的画作也如陈年老酒，愈发醇香，愈发动人。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WCwKdeaU2oYWQwxMHRQc7iL2nAg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QqEmdewuQoIgmSxaSWqcdS3Pncf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先要熟悉工具，选择一套合适的工具来作画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C4IGdya6CoMGQgxhcABcLHvJnqH"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LuAOdEcaCoYqoMxQLs5cTQPqn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画使用的笔统称为毛笔，根据制笔的毫料不同可分为软毫、硬毫和兼毫三种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I2uadM2GwoomCUxK2KVcW1FNnLg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"软毫笔以羊毫为多，鸡毫次之。羊毫笔有长锋、中锋、短锋之别，各有不同的表现力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IC2ydCGgIoiKM8xa0eDcAS6xn5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬毫笔一般弹力较强、劲健锋利，易于掌握和使用，其中狼毫笔和紫毫笔使用较多。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HCiodwcWkokoksx65wRcYGOMnhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"兼毫笔是两种以上不同质的毫料兼制而成，此笔软硬适中，适于勾线，也适于渲染用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bm4sd4iGOoCumyxm4zWcnKlSnBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画工笔可以选择准备勾线笔（1-2根）、大中小号白云羊毫笔（约3根）。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R8eKdU6y0o0WmcxIuYkcTDcxnUj"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画写意，准备硬毫笔（长锋短锋各备一支），如狼毫、猪鬃、兔毫等，兼毫备一支即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AuaEdQiySo6gckx29jyc06RHnHf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wig4dQMkaoEogox4ghocp1vcnmc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔一开始不要买太多，常用的基本永远都是那几支。画熟练了再添置，书法写废了的毛笔也可以用来染色或者画山水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NkKydQMc8oAo0sxMPzscUvMdnWc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":788,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a2835be11034495fae1fe60b3e76c7b8","width":720},"text":"","id":"RU4odeAoGo62qSxWO8Ac3BpenNh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":613,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3863814cdde1446291ce42ffc8eb7ce2","width":720},"text":"","id":"Pk0GdaOGkoWcWMxegMMcVpmZnNd"}],"text":"","id":"TE4idYMkAowaoaxIJ9WcF0cUnse"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TE4idYMkAowaoaxIJ9WcF0cUnse"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架就是架笔之物，是传统文房用具之一。在构思或暂息时用以置笔，以免毛笔污损他物。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IqGydqQkwokWkQxQMaDc4SA5n1F"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":213,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/59581abd06c443d18d09168a9a340c4a","width":419},"text":"","id":"Qkkgd4CEaoEssAxg9XScyqiUnYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8C4d82mSoIcgQxYz7dcuLy0nJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘就是调和颜料的容器，是不可缺少的文房用具。其形状通常为圆形，呈梅花状，但也有方形或其他不规则形状，质地以陶瓷类较多，而小碟子形态的调色盘造价比较低廉，通常为初学者或业余人士使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VI6adUiEoo0SSsxmEgAcDSJxnod"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":319,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a3107fb5c3e845fd993c3e06603c6c71","width":326},"text":"","id":"My42dgooQocAQKxWqUJc01KIntg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":276,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ef3ba7bc63e24e2f8189fd114b4d138f","width":284},"text":"","id":"VE8edAEWGo4yQ8xotmbc5Q9en7b"}],"text":"","id":"WymadYAguoY60yx23W9cjxAYnNh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨汁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WymadYAguoY60yx23W9cjxAYnNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国传统绘画尤重用墨，笔以达气，墨以生韵。用墨表现画面的气韵，求得生动是很重要的。中国之墨经用笔引发和水的渗化，可变化出浓、淡、干、湿、黑、白不同层次的色彩感。古人谓之“五墨六彩”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uc0admkGEoAyymxkD8Rc2ooUnYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以墨代色，力求单纯、明快、概括，是中国画的独特创造。以墨代色的不同变化，表现各种色彩感觉，富有浪漫主义的处理特色。中国画在设色方面突破了自然物固有的约束，代之以感情的意匠色彩。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PGeEd6IsOo2Q0uxsHJSc3HLyn1b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UKqAdyiGko4ueAxSADSceZvqnKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨有很多种，市场上常见的用于绘画的墨主要有株式会社墨运堂出品的玄宗墨汁，北京一得阁的云头艳，红星墨液，北京墨汁，中华墨汁，曹素功墨汁，珠江墨汁等等。不同墨对于绘画有直接影响。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SU2gdSM2IowaYsxOuqJckHY0nNd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、进口玄宗墨汁有两种：一种是红星玄宗，一种是进口玄宗，其特点是浓墨显得很厚重，淡墨显得很润泽，不含混。下图是用进口玄宗墨汁绘制的国画效果图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XiAKdg0y6o4ycMxmqwecFJ1fn4b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":518,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-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{"type":"text","text":"27、蓝灰色（花青＋白粉＋少许三青）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GCWCdqU6Ioe8SYxMj95cQxcfnBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"28、豆沙色（胭脂＋朱磦＋少许花青）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DUMCdq4eCoyMQMxagD5cfqklnVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"29、土红色（朱磦＋少许胭脂）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ta4kdyqQMosc8qxe2urcxAgnnkg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"30、青绿色（草绿＋少许酞青蓝）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I6YUd28Cioyieyx6Gzec3RYynQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"31、四绿色（三绿＋白色）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ug6od4Umyo84coxEXJecopO7nMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"32、胭脂水（胭脂＋大量水）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BcmgdWYcooyiO2xILldc5mc1nVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"33、青灰色（花青＋少许墨＋白色）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QiI4dO4GKoOcOIx7DWTc58lTnhD"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"34、蓝色（酞青蓝＋三青）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Dy0sdSgAyoka8Uxwn70czXkXnsd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"35、朱红色（朱磦＋曙红）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NkYsdUWAGo44uCxS8fBcCbZan7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"36、紫青色（胭脂＋少许酞青蓝）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YCgmde406oSogGx2xMscGWFNn8d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":398,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"颜色调配方法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ecea7f242fb94e27bf2b4726dfa373d8","width":533},"text":"","id":"GUowdK8sqomYOwxWE24cSjBcnuc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I0Aad80AeosIkOxWwr3cAZVdnzf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"目前，书画店中所售的国画颜料，从包装方式上也有两种：一种是传统手工制作的小纸盒包装的颜料片，质量较好，且加过胶，只要用水化开即可使用。另一种是颜料厂制作的铅管包装的颜料，挤出来即可使用，但质量不如片制颜料。初学绘画，多使用后一种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2I6dE8wOoaY4KxcRPacyCD6nGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者选择马利、樱花牌（樱花无沉淀更细腻）都可以。马利黄色包装的可能会有颗粒沉淀，蓝色盒子的颜料更细腻一点。要求高一点的可以去买吉祥牌，另外一开始不建议你们入瓶装或纸包的矿物质颜料，又烧钱又染色时掌握不好比较难出效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YmYQdy8SWoCCOexyaN0c5V4gnsc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":277,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐颜料","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/49c9dc40e5e34dc7b443c09b60f7757b","width":661},"text":"","id":"NuOadAwKSoc4c8xop6Xc3hnWn0e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":309,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐颜料","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8f0bd95728454bb5924466810b501537","width":679},"text":"","id":"TkCQd4AcAoGk6AxWfWDcXP9vnZs"}],"text":"","id":"UgGSdEuuSooaCSxwYzkcD4rZnbb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"宣纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UgGSdEuuSooaCSxwYzkcD4rZnbb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意画选生宣，工笔画选熟宣，生宣纸又分棉皮，净皮，特皮，檀皮含量多少而定。檀皮量多则是特皮，适合大写意，洇墨厉害，多画于山水画，更能突显水墨意境。小写意用净皮，适应画花鸟画，墨色浓淡相宜好掌握。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RomedeSscoGK6qxIjKFcyLwQntb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画国画的宣纸和卡纸都有生宣，孰宣之分，不同的是着色润染效果。写意画用宣纸画更能突显墨韵感，意境。卡纸晕染效果不及生宣，适应画小写意，浓淡相宜，墨色恰到好处。用卡纸可以画花鸟画，宣纸画山水画，卡纸一个好处是画好了不用裱画直接装框。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NQ8kdeU8coYkesxAtnBcIgz3ndh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用宣纸画画的时可以重复叠色，而卡纸不行润染几次就会起毛边，所以形要准，着色一遍而过。涂背景时也是如此，不适应反复上色，深浅掌握好，两遍而过。初学者适合用宣纸画，花鸟画，山水画画个一遍，熟练生巧后换卡纸画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M6MQdWueCoMAiKxiEP6cLBHinUh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐用纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Cmeydi622oo62axc5GCc5KqvnGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"与中国画笔墨最为匹配的载体无疑要首推安徽径县出产的宣纸，这种纸在发挥中国画笔墨表现力方面很强，物理性能稳定。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MoEqdAwUOoOa8ExeQOMc3HCensd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"徽州的宣纸最好，品牌有很多，名牌的初学者不适用，一般的就可以。除了红星，双鹿，汪同王的宣纸很好用，墨润效果还不错。用宣纸画画外还可以尝试用卡纸画画，不用裱画，直接装框就好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LWAQdyi0Go2qOcxQRz9cjK2Lnch"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在选择熟宣纸时一定要慎重，好纸不一定白，太白说明增白剂太多，不利久藏；好的熟宣纸纸白但不刺眼，反光柔和，纸内不能有草梗、沙粒、裂口、洞眼及其他附着物。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FqMmdESYooE2Ksxy3AXcw22rnZS"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":216,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐用纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f464914b10064de892a529eff2c17940","width":328},"text":"","id":"Am4ed0uoYomggExQVbucUBarnZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"生宣纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IyECdag2koYssQxWWOKcKLzpnHg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":208,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐用纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c81cddf257ab434589715b6f3d196ed8","width":463},"text":"","id":"Fi4ydYQuqo2Ek0xEAg3c3fqxnUp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"熟宣纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SuaedKyesokyOKxmr4BcooLNnrb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QWG6daIQGoQQ86xIpfPclO68nhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"作画时维镇纸是中国古代传统工艺品。指写字作画时用以压纸的东西，常见的多为长方条形，因故也称作镇尺、压尺。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JkqEdgEMeoMGgSxCok2cWHeEnkc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"镇纸的材质多种多样，以玉、瓷、竹、木、铁、铜居多，上面通常雕刻有兰、菊、梅、竹并配以诗句的图案，也有动物和人物的立体形象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZOKSdSmMSoMka4x2F05cAup6nSg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DqmwdS4mWo0aEAx4GOlchOIBnnd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现在市场上有各种各样的镇纸，可以根据自己的需求购买。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYC8dYWK8occIkxeSHMcWRu6nUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、Noritake则武宫崎骏龙猫TOTORO站立水晶镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Zkimd8eCsoqIKyxYjKwcv0WPnmf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":282,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7a227c9e88ba4a9ba05f491c4dff6728","width":305},"text":"","id":"OYqQdyqw2oioi4x6BHXc87uvnje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、青云笔社小鹅镇秦陵水禽系列镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H8wGdqcWKoaU0gxETpkcLPljnVf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":308,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ac270ca1e5db453b859d8df2d0f42552","width":289},"text":"","id":"Imk4daag2o6EwmxeKnVcfm49nSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、弘可手工铸铁小猫咪镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ayeydg28soweKixOoZOcnzBAnkf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":227,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/367628b440e84f27b3e509872d3d77d6","width":243},"text":"","id":"KcmIdOyWaogmmgx2BbKc2vWTnzc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、臻言粉莲水晶镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGCQdaIy8ougQ4xiAkycMsi1npb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":295,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0bb87d17a399462482e0fba965f4dae9","width":476},"text":"","id":"LscAdyscGoACsix64rMcsswPnZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、御宝阁纯手工景德镇手绘陶瓷镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TImydQeIIoC4wwxSKgqcLlapnzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"手工绘制的陶瓷镇纸有两款可选，一个是葫芦蟋蟀，还有是墨趣。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VOqidQW0Io4cYAxuq9jcl35Gnzd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":289,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6c847894a38a4e5a8f470a599625479e","width":430},"text":"","id":"Q44SdguKCoqs6ex6dmmceKZQnYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、臻言加重款国画蓝图方镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LKgGdiCwQoMqKoxc5AEceJRKn8b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":201,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/57e9165ca579445abe2f0a6710fec964","width":474},"text":"","id":"J8uAdCYwYo6EEaxkrilc9yXunTc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、臻言原创加重款云山书画镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NqcYdgOIqoAaO2xaMLic5nOUnre"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":364,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7a0aeb8f319d466e9cebe8bf6162e441","width":493},"text":"","id":"YQEydyi42ogEcKxaTBUc5AgFnP0"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AwskdcgCKo6uYcxaoFwcbPi8n7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗是一种传统工艺品，属于文房四宝笔、墨、纸、砚之外的一种文房用具，是用来盛水洗笔的器皿，以形制乖巧、种类繁多、雅致精美而广受青睐，传世的笔洗中，有很多是艺术珍品。笔洗有很多种质地，包括瓷、玉、玛瑙、珐琅、象牙和犀角等，基本都属于名贵材质。各种笔洗中，最常见的是瓷笔洗。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ca0wdKqaAoyk4OxBD5ecz7TTnxT"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗的作用是可以润笔，在绘画中，许多用水特技都是靠笔洗来实现。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HSu8dmoacouEUex6IgycJGgInMh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者预算不够可以随便找个水桶代替。推荐几个笔洗的店铺荣宝斋、宝霆容山堂/RONGSHANGTANG、赋比兴等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8YqdIoKmoOCkqxy2B6ccbJvnUe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":323,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/326fcf9c9abd421db2c77322e1b13dfd","width":422},"text":"","id":"GYISd6ew4oUiggxfl3hcCB2knqI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"毛毡","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OW40dKaswoiwAqxuIiqcOFGVn4g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"制作书画毡的材料主要是羊毛或化纤，因材料和工艺的差别，而产出各式各样的书画毡。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RQ6kd8gMMoGgIuxsnEPcGD0dnre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用它衬在宣纸下面，防止画画时的墨汁、颜色等渗透到宣纸背面的桌面上、进而污染宣纸，弄得画面上一塌糊涂；衬了毛毡，因为毛毡不吸水，就不会发生上述现象了。画国画用的毛毡在国画用品商店里有售，大小不一，根据自己的画幅大小选购。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZaOWdqUmuoGcKAxKImqcuPcqnhg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者用一块常见的带有米字格的书画毡就差不多，市面上这类书画毡有50厘米×50厘米的，也有50厘米×70厘米的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HwSgdC6y8o2qMQxiaidc6Woln8f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":342,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"毛毡","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a007ce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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IyKqdYcSIoSQEOxgvxjcK5N3nOf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":552,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/58b0413255e74db59bf3ed63143c7438","width":419},"text":"","id":"MkWOdKg8womiE0xNUegclekznzB"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔——勾勒细腻精巧的叫工笔，工即工整工细之意，敷色也层也渲染，显得浑厚浓重。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XYqsdo6cGoQQ8WxaQbdcSqLun5d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔画是通过线条去观察、反映事物的，根据事物在轮廓和外表上的明确特征来了解事物。线条连绵不断、细密均匀，贯穿着整个事物形体的始终，表现出蓬勃灵动而精工逼真的视觉外貌。因此，线条成为画面的统领者，其视觉观察的方式是客观而具体的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ci4AdekCCoQoOOxOUTZczfhxn2d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":464,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/115d55b1a6bb4521b5af5ebb129bebb2","width":503},"text":"","id":"HISYdccQGouIqMxMTZDcMfJUnwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意——只写物象的大意，用笔简练流畅，笔墨自然，不用色的写意画，又称“水墨画”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N2akdo4cKoa46sxgbH3ciPnZnjg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":418,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d2ce8dde6af3487a953f0a6542e64370","width":615},"text":"","id":"BQo2dWOSyoYiGmxUjBfcqRQInRg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾勒着色——亦称“单线平涂”。它用笔先勾出物象边线，中间用墨或用色平涂。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZysYd8QGWo8OMExoT1HcfN9RnPc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3898031dcf8446399da064c514675fa6","width":400},"text":"","id":"UIasduq0yo6scixyKIrc70Cxnag"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"粗细相间——亦称“兼工带写”。它比工笔要粗，比写意要工。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUI0dyKScoIwgyxU7QKctpDYnYe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1159,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ca2837c87018486685a698d6823191ba","width":640},"text":"","id":"B0mQdgwuQoYMOMxe07FcgU7bn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"粗中有细——如花草画得粗，但绕花飞动的小虫、蝴蝶、或蜻蜓等则画得很细。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VyI6dEeaqomQA8xoLb3cX0W0nZc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":549,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4f0839fae6dd4ce2a375926a29fd934f","width":375},"text":"","id":"KC8udSOq0oSQamxqaGYcoVLVnLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"没骨法——一般不用墨线勾轮廓。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CIcgdQw0GoCQEgxCYzvcFE7tn6b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":895,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d9c6d111e4de4945bbe016258e12df39","width":640},"text":"","id":"B2uUdW2qKoQwKwxIrOncf7K8ntd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"泼墨法——是没骨法的扩展，用大块墨色，再运用自然形成的浓淡，加上较细的笔道，有的地方还露出飞白，这样才见精神。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RA4OdWIE4oi62mxIphHcLLZPnMd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":641,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0642e0f4a4af4f4b8d81648af5cf94c7","width":640},"text":"","id":"ZEk0d022wokGukxYjuhcpaJ9npd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"界画——一部或大部分用直尺画墨线组成的画，主要表现庄严雄韦的建筑物，如宫殿、庙宇、楼阁、亭台、水榭等，以及整齐精致的家具陈设等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xw66dUWu6oQqwmxoNoWcZ5Cnn3e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":940,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3a84b2df0e4f4d55b14a0e8451163d72","width":988},"text":"","id":"OEWodKWemoYESQx4NjYclI5UnEh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"设色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IekIdUsMcosIAAxSoM5cNlxzn7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"设色即六法中的“随类赋彩”。不同的色彩赋不同的感情，画家往往用色彩来表达他的感情。中国画常用的颜色有墨、藤黄、石黄、土黄、胭脂、洋红、朱砂、朱膘、赭石、花青、石青（可分头青、二青、三青等三种）、石绿（也分头绿、二绿、三绿等三种），白粉等。但基本颜色只有红、黄、蓝三种，即洋红、藤黄和花青。把上面的颜色加以配合，可以调出许多种颜色来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FaAodeGyooCYAyxMn81cG5NFnhr"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1200,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"设色","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d0a889707fb6415988fd6155d59243cf","width":800},"text":"","id":"PyAkdqAMyo4Ai2xyaQEclA37nKf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WcGidW0WCoGAGExqglEcvp1tn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即对形象勾线或不勾线，完全用墨的浓淡来表现的叫墨彩。墨彩以淡雅为佳，因它用浓墨的面积不宜过大、过多，因为重墨多易使画面产生沉浊之感，但亦不能淡而失神，要使浓淡相宜，才具有清新神韵的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QiGodSk2eoM288xVE7Ic9tbcnxf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":493,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"墨彩","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/29701de0108447998df19a28ae2100ea","width":524},"text":"","id":"CguEdamw0o8gmCx4rEwcVs2Unqb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"淡彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZgwadAyWioOiQixqigXc1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而有气韵。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QMi4de24moCG0oxARHscb9KmnOe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"用墨之法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IgmadOW2moWgmSxigdwcGcXjnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般有焦墨、积墨、破墨、擂墨等。焦墨是一种磨得极浓的墨，用焦墨的旁边须有浓淡墨为之晕浑，否则焦墨孤立，难见笔意。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fi2gdm4mAoSkcmxykHQcLEEwnJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"积墨：用浓墨和淡墨连敷几次，有一种深厚的味道。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IKKodqUCqoWQYoxYtZucbZJxngd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"破墨：先用淡墨上纸，趁湿用湿墨加上，化出奇纱的韵味。拧在纸上捺转，略似鱼鳞，由浓渐淡，参差不齐，谓之擂墨。所以用墨和用笔不分不开的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FeUYdII6Ao8CyixWYQWcTIm7nKb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"用笔六要","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AkWSdUyk2oeqaaxgxMycxtGnnqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一要自然有力，切忌呆滞。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MgwUdEmQCoy24OxywMqccv1fnpq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二要变化而有联系，要将粗、细、浓、淡、长、短、横、直、干、湿、轻、重根据物象参差需用，既有变化，还要互相联系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IkEwdOiwIoC6i6xGeifcbRuwnPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三要苍老而滋润，苍老就显出含蓄的笔力，用笔光滑就显得雅嫩，过于苍老亦易枯燥，故须在苍老中滋润，也就是干湿并用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KK0WdaUqIoCQ0AxGFHFcgL2Hnsb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"四要松灵而凝炼，松灵比自然更进一步，要活泼轻松有生趣，切忌油滑、轻浮，轻松之中要有重厚，凝练是一笔画去到尽端有回锋。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PC6QdsqcYo4YC0xdCi4chTaPnJN"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"五要刚柔相济，即在轻柔中有骨力。所谓“线棉裹铁”才能稳厚，刚健的锋中要参以巧运，“扛鼎中有妩媚。”故一笔中要能刚健婀娜兼有之。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SCiAdQeUmoyakKxUFiyccL1vnTd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"六要巧拙互用，用笔朴质显得老实，故要在巧笔中夹几笔拙，在拙笔中夹几笔巧，应巧拙互用，方为得法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JAIydWGImo4AuwxA5EOchZpvnhg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画笔法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N80qdKkIqoEegIxuabdc9501nLe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讲基本运笔技法之前我们要先了解握笔的姿势。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PG8EdIqOcoyIooxY7jScEUU6nUf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":720,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"国画笔法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e3f378b657c74c179d22b50b81ef16a4","width":720},"text":"","id":"QUgSdqommoQy2KxkXe1cUPp7nTe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画的笔法有六种，分别是中锋、侧锋、逆锋、拖锋、折钗股与屋漏痕、飞白锋。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WkoadosWaosIk0xG5BKcKD3dnob"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J28adcUQso26ACxmgescrkcDn3g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中，始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是：笔力饱满，内涵丰富。外柔内刚，极富表现力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T8IOd8qQ0o4okYxOqewcHqtfnvc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":667,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0530ef6d84784db998ffb0dc4cad3b91","width":720},"text":"","id":"Sm66dA0WwoEcaWxmCJLcGF76n11"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K88kduUUUoUYyaxmGnwcPFaanCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度，笔尖不在墨线中间，笔尖在墨线一侧，并出现飞白的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VwqcdEwO8o4uq6xUpaWc7S98nXc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":572,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/738e4980c7cb4244bfac988787c2e731","width":720},"text":"","id":"EmU8do20co6EEyxiOeRcoKTVnkg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"逆锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PMIydG0GUoGAy4xWAobcHFJ0nWb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"逆锋是相对于正手位置顺行方向的反方向毛笔运行方法。逆锋运笔阻力增大，笔锋聚散，松紧变化不同于顺笔意味。特点是笔力刚硬，力透纸背，但缺少柔劲。不可常用，适可而止。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AqGwdYyEMoOqeixQrakcD6uAnae"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":641,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"逆锋","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8955791b0dec48d6b1bf0630c0ccfbe1","width":720},"text":"","id":"X4q6dykcWoOYOkxchR2cbn68ngh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"露锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"S4EUdIacuoii4QxGKk4c3c5Mnhh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"于藏锋的运笔刚好相反，它以笔尖着纸，故意露出笔锋，收笔时渐行渐提笔杆。以这种笔法画出的线条灵活而飘逸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TKmEdEAAook4KUxcV12cT3aNnyb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":670,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"露锋","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d0854bf98a46447192e5767898ed3cd8","width":720},"text":"","id":"A6gqdkSKEoSWOYx2gWEceI8lnLG"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"藏锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CeWqd8GIyo2m6GxIHwpc7vGInle"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔锋要藏而不露，画出的线条才沉着含蓄，力透纸背。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Gi0ydSwe2ooyuyxc1zScvHdqn8Y"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":577,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"藏锋","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/l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花仕女图》局部","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D68wdckYsoQ6m6xo5lxc76YPnSg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":411,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔设色","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a6918ba1c54245b1a463e5811f206e3a","width":720},"text":"","id":"CEyOdyk2so8G0cxIlbOcX2jInIf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《虢国夫人游春图》局部","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XQ6Edk0qgoi4cKxysxEcjDwgn8d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OY8qducumo6EM2xUDZ2c7GCvnAg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"宋代小品、宋徽宗、陈老莲花鸟集。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ISoydoaUcoee8KxGamkcHUyCnaf"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":721,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/62e09ea3b4e44ddfbe8a762c502dcb8e","width":720},"text":"","id":"KGakdCSiCo6AwYxgI0VcAmblnTP"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":465,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/942b3e5b2f244def91af4279fa63efdf","width":483},"text":"","id":"N2wkdek2gooQeQx8p6yc9yL1nPf"}],"text":"","id":"OY4odwasmoIyiwxcrLncKDZlnpb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OY4odwasmoIyiwxcrLncKDZlnpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水小品、《千里江山图》、长桥卧波图、马远夏圭。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XiS4demmGo08cyxUtmhcv8YFn3c"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":680,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b1275050abbc4f63b294ef674d52d8d3","width":720},"text":"","id":"PiUmd8ASWoOycSxuIQnc8mwdnxf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":491,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/13b38372b6cd4746adeaccf3638381bb","width":481},"text":"","id":"H8cSdiQMuo42soxwLNgcLL3lnyc"}],"text":"","id":"NcyodekyKoY220xWm4ScMBxonXd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NcyodekyKoY220xWm4ScMBxonXd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画的一种画法，用笔不苛求工细，注重神态的表现和抒发作者内心的情感。最初起源于绘画，兴起于北宋，要求在形象之中有所蕴涵和寄寓，让\"象\"具有表意功能或成为表意的手段。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QiwcdUqKAoSOEcxYegCc4smpn6I"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"分类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wa2AdEUWSo0OsMxQvDcc52K1n0b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意画分为小写意和大写意，所谓的小写意，更倾向于水墨画法写物象之实，上接元人墨花墨禽的传统；而所谓的大写意，更倾向于以水墨画法表现画家的主观感情，继承的是宋元的文人墨戏传统。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Rww8dI6gqo68wcxi8OscKoG6nAg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZSsGdIo6eoimYWxwdSdc7AXDnxc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画写意首先要练审美。培养对美的感受力，学会欣赏。要对中国美术史上这些大量的作品进行阅读，至少要知道什么是经典什么是真的美。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MegmdmaMEomwOExv7yzcXLTmngM"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古代写意画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N4sedmeYYoiW4ExQJVCcHZ3unrh"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":450,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9f31b934b63f4470a4e306867cf06b75","width":720},"text":"","id":"Gw8cdYUQsoI2AWxes0Ncan0Knib"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":644,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/320b7cc9a6074ccaa00f5315ab63ea14","width":720},"text":"","id":"JoiMdmCsgoOagCxs1OZcQq9ennc"}],"text":"","id":"DcYsduguooEIKuxqqRCcLSrFnIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现代写意画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DcYsduguooEIKuxqqRCcLSrFnIc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":517,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/343d940dff4c430a867088cb5e52747d","width":720},"text":"","id":"HwuMdUUeCoI6UGxAnmOcq3hLnHb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":503,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/de1559a1d5484c3f85f6d339a6f2ce17","width":1082},"text":"","id":"KQqKdaUWsoCykEx4sJucRmBkn9b"}],"text":"","id":"WuImdmcwioEyMgx6VAocx3Z3nCb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"绘画步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WuImdmcwioEyMgx6VAocx3Z3nCb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"白菜、萝卜画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QO2GdicsmoqSs4xyYXJcUvahn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①用中号长锋狼毫或羊毫调淡墨画菜的叶柄，趁湿马上蘸较浓墨画出菜根和根须。换用一支大号羊毫斗笔调淡墨画菜叶，注意笔腹含水要饱满，根据菜叶的结构、方向，分几笔画出菜叶，每笔菜叶的墨团形状大小浓淡要稍有区别，不能画成一样。笔与笔之间要注意衔接，既不能让它们模棱模糊，又不能搞得支离破碎。趁湿用长锋小狼毫勾出菜叶上的叶脉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HmoGdkwgGo6KIGxsxTPcU32Rnqc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②用同一支笔蘸浓墨以中锋画缚菜的草束。要掌握画草束的时间，迟了叶柄水分已干，画上去的草束就会浮起来。如果太早，草束的墨色会漫糊开来，影响其质感。总之要干湿得当，渗化适度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JGccdCuwqooIE2xkT68cm0FRn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③根据红萝卜的圆形结构，用一支干净的短锋羊毫笔蘸胭脂调合一下，分左右两笔画出萝卜的球茎。同时注意适当地在中间留些空白，以表现萝卜的高光，然后又用较深的颜色点须画根。再用同一支笔洗一下，蘸朱磦底画胡萝卜。为了加强胡萝卜的质感，可在朱磦底里调点胭脂。画时，同样要注意胡萝卜的造型特点，依据结构运笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ViS4dOwU0oSaQmxAdbqcflkYn4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④再用同一支笔洗净后蘸藤黄加花青调成汁绿。为了色调和谐，可在汁绿里再少量调点朱磦底，画出红萝卜叶柄的基部，然后又添画上小小的萝卜叶。两片萝卜的叶子要注意稍分浓淡。最后用中羊毫笔调赭墨画上蘑菇，画时同样要注意几只蘑菇的不同方向和前后层次。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AueOd44GIo4SyIxIRHQcBgsCnoh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":638,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"白菜、萝卜画法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/61307e11c0414043b2aaea833d8fae05","width":640},"text":"","id":"Saw8dee8OoG06MxcLtGcvpNin2b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"牵牛花画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZyeOdWSukoOS2uxiy64cNnGRnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①先画藤蔓：用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨去画，用笔要悬腕中锋，轻快舒缓之中见遒劲，墨色要稍有变化，笔尖含水要干一点，以表现枝蔓的坚韧柔软。枝蔓是全画的架子，因此，要注意全局的位置经营。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bm8ad2SyaoC2yExA9YjcBdJDn4f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②次画叶子：用短锋大羊毫笔调次浓墨去画，注意在蘸墨时要使笔头各部位含墨含水分量不同，这样一笔下去叶片即有浓淡变化。画叶要依据牵牛花叶片特点，每叶分三笔画成。点叶要注意疏密大小和方向的区别。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YmM0dGmygowgIuxevmacyxBRnrl"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾出叶脉。换用一支干净的短锋中羊毫笔，用胭脂加花青调成紫红色画花冠。牵牛花花冠上部色深，基部呈白色，因此用笔时要根据这个特点在花心留出空白，花型要圆润，色泽要饱满。两朵花要分浓淡。又蘸较深的花色点出未放的花蕾，注意花蕾与主花间的呼应。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NWqUdEgIKoogYqx9LOnc0oeonbI"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④用三绿加一点藤黄，调成淡绿色染花蕊底色，趁湿又用短锋羊毫调藤黄加白，一笔画上花蕊。然后用长锋小狼毫蘸浓墨画上花托，又添上浓浓淡淡的藤蔓，使全画完整起来。最后略加苔点，使画面增添变化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LCYMd2cWioq02SxGYvkcT4rvnCg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1251,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"牵牛花画法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/262d07789e614a3c95d5debe8781c060","width":640},"text":"","id":"LA0UdiIgwoUcKcxmskAc6eZHnLh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花球画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O2I4dkMA8owiWOxa8fBchHWgnOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①先画花球:用长锋小狼毫调淡墨逐个勾出组成花球的一朵朵小花。用墨要略分浓淡，花形要有变化，使花球有立体感。接着用短锋大羊毫调成浓绿蘸墨分组画上叶子。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F20qdog2yo4AowxN8G7cWlAVndh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾叶脉。勾时把叶子分成上下两组，上边一组的叶脉墨色较深，下面一组叶子的叶脉用墨稍淡，以分出前后两组的层次。换用一支长锋狼毫笔调淡墨画枝干。随画随加浓墨，用较干的墨色去画较小的枝干。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VmmedCie4oWUw2xeSPPcfLFMn0c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③再用较淡的绿添画几笔嫩叶，增加叶子的又一个层次。接着用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨画出花球里的花柄，用墨要较干，使浓重的墨色衬托出洁净的花球。接着在叶间添画一团掩藏着的花球，方法与前同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CiaodA4U4oCKq4xwltIccakdnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④最后用长锋羊毫笔调藤黄加三绿。淡淡地染上花色。趁湿用藤黄调朱磦底点花蕊。渲染花球既要染出立体感，又要注意花色的洁净。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GCMydgQG8oeUgaxQp5qcPqcTnSl"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":236,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花球画法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fb05b04881bd4615825954e3ff9ec7e1","width":236},"text":"","id":"TM42decykoI4W8xApRncKFk4nre"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"枇杷画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FO4cdKaukooQQSxmBUJcAc6Vnab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①用大号斗笔浸些清水，又挤去笔肚里过多的水分，乘湿蘸上墨，稍微在调色盆里调合一下。注意不要调得太\"熟\"，使笔肚中含的墨色浓淡不匀方好。这时开始顺笔画叶子，随画又要随时蘸点水，使画上去的几片叶子既有浓淡的变化，又有滋润丰厚的感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Veemd4ImyoUwQmxasXvcXA2engd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②淡墨中锋勾出枇杷轮廓，注意用笔的圆正，以表现枇杷果实的立体感。接着用浓墨画完枝干。待叶子略干，换一支叶筋笔蘸上浓墨趁潮在叶子上勾出叶脉。勾叶脉时，笔端要稍干些，可用废纸把笔上蘸的墨吸去少许后再勾。前后几片叶子的叶脉要分浓淡，故画后面叶子时，可调点清水后去画，但注意笔端仍须稍干，以免漫糊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OQYwdoa4CoYkkAxUfhQcUh4JnOh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③等枇杷的墨色已干，用一支干净的羊毫笔蘸藤黄调点朱磦上枇杷圆形的结构用笔，以表现枇把的立体感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FgUcdMGIKoqycyxwbZ4c3oManoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④趁色尚湿，用浓墨点上果蒂。果蒂要点得稍大，用笔稍重，使笔尖稍微叉开，以表现枇杷蒂毛茸茸的质感。最后用调进少许藤黄的淡螺青点染枝干，加上苔点，使画面更丰富完整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QcUkdsaKMogc4sxgxmocfKaGnyc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":595,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"枇杷画法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d11bf19e593c42f385bb38202c6838b2","width":640},"text":"","id":"FS6odSgGwom02Ax4KgXcV66Ynqe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"玉兰画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BOgydC2Ceoq2aOxEZCbcVQ0yn6f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①先画花瓣:用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨色花瓣。墨色要洁净，用笔要爽快。为表现玉兰花瓣比较厚重的白色，可趁勾勒花瓣的墨色未干之际，再在瓣尖上加上小小的两点浓墨。接着用短锋大羊毫笔调淡墨染花底，染时要见笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SC8ede0ueo2GGWxSqt8cE0Vpnxe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②趁湿用短锋狼毫蘸浓墨点花蕊，花蕊的墨色会在刚染上去的淡墨花底上稍稍渗开。又用长锋大狼毫蘸浓墨画主干。用墨要稍干，用笔要苍劲，使枝干与洁白圆润的花瓣产生强烈的对比。然后再蘸清水化成次浓墨画横卧着的另一组枝干，画时要注意整幅画面的气势。趁湿再用浓墨点苔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FOsGdUIUMoqaMKxqOOgcAyMynPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③接着调淡墨画花蕾和花托。画花蕾不仅要强调与主体花冠的呼应，还应配合整幅画的全局气势。花蕾与枝干的连接要合理，要符合玉兰的生长规律。④趁湿赶紧在花托上用小狼毫笔蘸浓墨点绒毛斑点。这一步要十分注意水分的的掌握，不能等干了再画，否则无论如何也画不出花托绒毛这种茸茸的感觉。最后点苔收拾整理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RkeQdCaSwouOk6xoW0kcVwa0nzP"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":717,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"玉兰画法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7f7df1e2e2a74af1ac799f0253c33373","width":658},"text":"","id":"ZyqAdMIEcoE82oxeGJqczMHcnkh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐临摹书籍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XyMgdWQ8GoCWMgx2xGhcp96BnAd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PYkWdaQcaoAy28xgv52cNhuknxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"董源《潇湘图》、巨然《万壑松风图》、李成《寒林平野图》、范宽《溪山行旅图》、郭熙《早春图》、李唐《万壑松风图》、马远《踏歌图》《寒江独钓》、夏圭《溪山清远图》、黄公望《富春山居图》、倪瓒、吴镇《渔父图》、王蒙《青卞隐居图》、沈周、石涛、査士标。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FOWSdowekogEIix6GP2chtjnnRg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ReUudquCYoKKs4xxjqhcEJpnntu"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"恽寿平、八大山人、徐熙、徐渭、文同、金农、法常、赵孟頫、管道升、王冕、赵之谦、齐白石等画家的花鸟作品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ey8YdwGaco8KaAxkN50c1DV9nDg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"人物","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uc2WdQo0Mo0CG8xOqMmceT8Andg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"梁楷、唐伯虎、任伯年、陈洪绶等画家作品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BG0adIKiUoWqIExItVjcgbmDn5e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WSMcdYyqsoQIKIxkRXtcfGHAnQg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Js2Yda4yuoM8GkxSwqOcSdLXnHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹是学习中国画技法的一种便捷方法，对范画可以先局部临摹，也叫分解练习，然后再临摹整幅作品，这样可以学得深秀。临摹尽量要象，“察之者尚精，拟之者贵似”，要通过临摹反复体会其造型方法、用笔方法、墨色变化等。临摹整幅作品时再体会构图特点、主次虚实关系、层次关系、呼应关系、色调变化等等。从临摹中掌握了一定的技法以后再试着进行变化和创造，心中就有数了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UW2Gd6MC4og2ysxeDe6c07Z1nZe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹的目的是学习、借鉴他人的技法。临摹与写生相较，写生为主，临摹为次，写生是源，临摹是流。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HOMcdAw6SoeC2SxWKG8cTYfhnZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临，把画放在桌上，对着画。摹，则是用一张透明的薄纸盖在画上，用笔墨描摹。摹画也叫拓画。临摹要防止犯“结壳”“游魂”“附影子”等弊病。“结壳”，即是学习古人或老师的技法，而被之束缚，不能变化、发展。“游魂”，就是东学一点，西学一点，浅尝辄止，不能融会贯通。“附影子”，即只能依赖前人的稿子或一家一派的门户，一离开，便寸步难行，作不出画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fim4dg20oowmIcxkNl5csVeGnlf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹要和默写结合起来，中国画的创作方法很重视默写。提高默写能力要靠深入掌握物象的造型特点和规律及运笔用墨的规律。因此，临摹一定要认真体会。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CgUMdQCIIoOiEWxAJzYczDdSnfb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"结合临摹平时要注意多欣赏名家名作，可以反复欣赏品味，此外还要多参观画展，汲取各家之长，开阔眼界，开拓思路，丰富技法手段，提高修养。在观摩和学习时可随时记录一下构图、技法特点、题款内容和自己的感受。只要认真扎实地学习，肯定会有大的进步。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QEiWdqegIoGA80xoxIYcCiKynbf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"写生","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DqsodmYiWomCWQx4LWMcPVoonlh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过写生可以进一步了解自然山水、花鸟和结构及动态规律，可以大量搜集创作素材，锻炼造型能力，进一步丰富知识和绘画技巧，在大自然中得到新鲜的感受。这是提高绘画创作水平必不可少的重要环节。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QkA6doU0woyEmExo5hTcsguansf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写生之前要多观察、多分析。写生的工具不必过于讲究，铅笔、钢笔、毛笔都可以，纸张随便，关键是要画得严肃、认真。写生的过程就是学习、观察大自然的过程，达到搜集创作素材提高创作能力的目的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ewc6dMWgQoy8WqxQvoDcsrm1nsg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"画外功","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OsMadsGGIoAGooxu8FicBpBrnne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"与绘画技巧相适应，还需具备多方面的知识。如书法技巧和文学修养都需作相应的提高。这是培养审美观念、增进鉴别能力的基础。只有多读书（小说、散文、诗歌及绘画理论都需要读）、勤练书法才能满足学习绘画的要求。练习书法不仅仅是为了适应题字落款的需要，更重要的是书法也是国画的基本功。要通过练习书法，提高笔线的表现能力，加强墨晕的风骨，以书入画格调情趣自然更高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E0Kyd4kmOo62a0xWcA9c32I4nkc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"创作","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PkmMd6gMOoQMAKx68D5cK7NTnLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学国画不必急于创作，应先在以上三方面打下扎实的基础，苦练基本功。有了一定的基础后，可以慢慢试着进行创作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Km0WdaMUSoOkEmxEFcYc7SI6nge"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"创作阶段","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KsYedIIIwoOG0qx4QbAcZcoqn6c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一阶段可以参考资料，借助别人作品的造型或笔墨技法，按照自己的创作意图去试着创作。这个阶段也叫初级阶段。通过这一阶段可以初步摸索到创作方面的规律。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LousdUKsioguiWxCI8icx3a7n9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二阶段，待掌握了一定的技法之后，便可以较自由地进行创作。这一阶段是巩固和灵活运用技法阶段，通过这个阶段的练习，可使技法更熟练，构图变化更丰富。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GsUEdia80o0UAmxglY1c5Bt0nVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三阶段——成熟阶段。技法的成熟的标志不是按照一个模式的纯熟，而是根据不同意境、感觉、情趣的要求不断变化技法，体现出随机应变、运用自如而又不断创新。这一阶段的追求是情趣的表现及创作内涵的深化，是既有“法”度而又不为法度所束缚。以法作画，千篇一律，以情作画，变化万千。这是高超的技法和高深修养的结合，是我们追求的目的。初学者只要得法，用功，是会达到这一目标的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2Yidsk0Qo4uusx0QQUc3fdhnDb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学国画素材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XqkMd6Iw0oGOKmxS2A0ccrf9nNd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟素材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EAcgdqymqo0cwmxMNqYcwbzcnHe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"竹子","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ic2sdiyiGoyIQGxqig3cjXhvnJf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸淡墨勾画竹叶，用相同的笔法画出三片为一组的竹叶。依次增加叶子，注意竹叶方向、大小等要有变化，下笔时两头轻中间重。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N0EAdqC8OocWk2xs3FOcweOQnMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、淡墨勾画竹子的主干，待半干后浓墨勾画竹节。最后用淡墨勾画竹子的分支。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QY8CdaWS4oyEsGxWwnfcQJ7lnrg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KIEydWUuSo2MAMxIBXqcQF5Vn5g"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1046,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竹子","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a773ed1b01b946b6962a076ca8830519","width":942},"text":"","id":"EMGcdWuSWo4uAgxScaJcXYWunYe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"牡丹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NgQIdQCUkoQUqexiAZYc5VcznHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、整笔蘸粉色，笔尖蘸曙红画花瓣，依次增加花瓣。画出整朵花头，注意整朵花的形状要错落有变。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZmACdYek4oY4OgxEzb2cijGznCh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"、整笔蘸粉色，笔尖蘸曙红点出花苞，画出左右相邻的小花瓣。最后用淡绿色加胭脂画出花尊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XI4YduoICoCgGKxY56zcZsD6nLd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、整笔蘸淡绿色，笔尖蘸淡墨侧锋画出整组牡丹叶子。浓墨勾叶筋，墨绿加胭脂画枝条。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y6COd0E22oy0M4xCoDDchRc8ncc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1008,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"牡丹","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7650cec8816b41fb95f595e7573fcf04","width":900},"text":"","id":"QCeAdCKc6o6Q88xIJJHcwtrRnwf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"麻雀","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BS8IdQUY8o2U0mxQzETcc5E3nac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸赭石加淡墨侧锋点出鸟的头部，中锋画背羽，侧锋画上下翅。浓墨点斑纹、飞羽、尾羽、眼睛嘴，最后以淡墨画胸腹。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KWysdguSmommQsxohsBcIzMBn2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、赭石加淡墨侧锋画出头部，中锋画背羽，侧锋画上下翅，浓墨画嘴，点眼睛。淡墨画胸腹，浓墨点斑纹、飞羽和尾羽，浓墨中锋画腿，浓墨画爪子。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T6Sgd2WcWoUCoUxWm6uc18LBnyg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":700,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"麻雀","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/be35c64a97374bf0b1264b9a229bc632","width":1080},"text":"","id":"R8UGd4Os4ooUisx6Bb8ccnJXn0b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"小鸡","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TQU8dwweaoAMSWxCexxcwsjAnff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸中墨侧锋画出头部，侧锋点出翅膀，随后用干墨勾画尾部。浓墨画嘴和眼睛，淡墨画胸部和大腿，待半干时用浓墨勾画脚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TA8Gdm6swoqaOixIdv4chr7knEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、蘸浓墨，行侧锋画出头部，侧锋画翅膀，淡墨画胸部和大腿，最后浓墨勾画嘴、脚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QWUEd2KCqowuIwxopcdcv40PnWg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":744,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"小鸡","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7ef527efbe4f4c499eb2f13561c519e6","width":1080},"text":"","id":"Lq4mdCyo8oGwIaxS6gqcdMT9nMf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翠鸟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BIOmdMqIcocEsexSKCOcdI9xngc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸三青点出鸟的头部，运侧锋画出身子和上下翅。采浓墨画嘴、尾羽、飞羽并点上眼睛。用钛白点鸟身斑纹，淡赭石染胸部，朱砂染嘴与鸟爪，最后用藤黄染眼珠。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z2I0dkmwQoWsm0xKGDPc5G1jnwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、三青加花青点出头部，用浓墨画出眼睛并勾画嘴巴，再画出头上的毛。三青加花青画鸟毛，用淡赭石画出腹部，浓墨勾画轮廓，朱砂染嘴和勾画鸟爪，藤黄染眼珠。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FIqidk426oSgqOxmu1ZcRUISnNg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":712,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翠鸟","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d030e3ee0aba44dc8d6e41a6bb7cd1ff","width":1080},"text":"","id":"Gk2gdAmOCo2AusxeMeScyMydnfd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"喜鹊","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KUEodSkwooikgmxMTHIcEdPbnOg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"蘸浓墨勾画嘴和眼睛，浓墨画头部和颈羽。蘸中墨侧锋行笔画胸腹，画背羽留白羽，浓墨画翅羽，并为其添加尾羽。淡墨中锋行笔画胸腹，腿爪用浓墨勾画，鹅黄染眼珠。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QmqUdKKCoosmuGxeCrAcRzrEnKf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":708,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"喜鹊","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f9430f47d2a94d2d976963b6489cb331","width":1080},"text":"","id":"MCQAdiAGkoCaW2x4cgocIQXTnJc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学国画的好处","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HayQdu4C0owiG0xEtsdcBuDInze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情，不仅能解放人的天性、给人带来满足感、成就感，而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BokYdq0MKoOEsWxOwt0ctoSBnmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、学国画是人生良伴。人的一生分为很多阶段，少年时，可以以画言志；青壮年时，生活压力巨大，可以以画解压；等到年过中年，孩子都已成家立业，自己也临近退休，内心难免会有孤独之感，此时可以画画消遣。学国画的人，随着自己的文化积淀，艺术修养的不断提升，他的画作也如陈年老酒，愈发醇香，愈发动人。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NO6gdacGWoiKwOxQXGvcTlf8nvg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、学国画能陶冶情操。学习国画讲求的是意境，讲究内涵，真、善、美。通过笔墨抒发感情，培养艺术气息，陶冶情操。艺术气息会一直伴随着你，生活中有了艺术，你会感觉到自己的世界都是带着诗情画意。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JcgEd0wqeomo46xixDcceYKInv1"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、学国画能提高审美。中国画具有简练、概括的特点，在学国画时，注意力集中，执笔、行笔要运气用力，这样就养成了良好的学习习惯，不仅可以培养学习能力、理解能力，而且还可以提高审美能力和学习兴趣。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q0Gkde2MuoqUIUxOaqscKFPrnEc"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

2. ctd资料

CTD也就是温盐深仪，其工作原理是其CPU电路接到来自甲板PC的指令通过时钟控制传感器进行采样，A/D转换电路将传感器工作获得的采样模拟信号转换成数字信号，数字信号被存入内部储存器，并可由甲板PC通过I/O接口回放至甲板PC的内存，从而获取水温要素资料。

其中温度、压力、资料分别由温度探头、压力探头获取，电导率资料由电导池测量获取，盐度可通过内部程序由电导率和温度计算得到。

3. CTE数据

是ETC专用车道。不是CTE。 ETC专用车道： ETC为英文缩写，全称Electronic Toll Collection 电子不停车收费系统。ETC专用车道即为ETC收费平台，是利用车辆自动识别技术完成车辆与收费站之间的无线数据通讯，进行车辆自动识别和有关收费数据的交换，通过计算机网路进行收费数据的处理，实现不停车自动收费的全电子收费系统。 ETC专用车道，没有人工收费平台，专门供应给安装了车载器（OBU）的ETC车辆。

4. ctd业务

公司拥有8种剂型近百个药品生产批文，主导产品为八宝丹（胶囊）、新癀片、肾舒颗粒、海珠喘息定片、珠珀惊风散等传统名优中成药、福建省名牌产品。其中，4个国家保密品种，4个国家中药保护品种。注册商标——“鼎炉”图形及文不仅连续多年被评为福建省著名商标，同年还被评为福建省老字号，展现出成熟品牌所具有的越来越高的商业价值和越来越广的社会影响。

公司拥有雄厚的技术力量，坚持致力于制药技术创新和中药处方药的研发，设有省级工程技术和企业技术研究中心，配备了专业的研发团队。

5. ctd数据处理教程

百诺肯净水器说白了就是一根活性炭滤芯，在中国目前的水源现状下根本起不到什么作用，所谓的大品牌但不一定是专业的净水品牌，国外的净水品牌把产品拿到中国不作任何改进，那就是在卖品牌而不是卖产品，中国的自来水和国外的自来水有办法比较吗？

您如果是要购买净水器，建议您先了解一下净水器行业的两大技术：1、反渗透。2、超滤。反渗透是全球公认的最安全、最科学的水处理技术，通过反渗透膜出来的水基本是纯水，就是只有水分子，所以是最安全的。超滤的过滤精度紧次于反渗透，但出的不是纯水，因为超滤膜的孔径比反渗透大一些，所以有些厂家就宣传超滤净水器是可以保留矿物质的净水器，其实是避重就轻，既然不是纯水，那么水里就可能会有直径小于超滤膜孔径的细菌、病毒、化学污染物存在，当然也可能会有一些是对人体有益的元素，但在现在的水环境下，安全都没有保证，何以谈健康？所以我认为还是反渗透的净水器比较好。

目前净水行业净水器的标准配置：

第一级：PP棉，作用：过滤大颗粒的污染物

第二级：颗粒活性炭GAC，作用：吸附水中的化学污染物

第三级：烧结活性炭CTO，作用：进一步吸附水中的化学污染物

第四级：RO反渗透膜/超滤膜，作用：彻底截留前三级未处理的污染物

第五级：后置活性炭T33，作用：改善纯水/净水的口感

请看私信

6. CTD数据处理方法

学习古筝要先有浓厚的兴趣，兴趣是最好的教师，没有兴趣学什么都提不起精力，只会浪费时间。因而学古筝必定要本人发自内心的喜爱，那样才能学得更好。

了解古筝

古筝又名汉筝、秦筝、瑶筝、鸾筝，是中国汉民族传统乐器中的筝乐器，属于弹拨乐器。它是中国独特的、重要的民族乐器之一。它的音色优美，音域宽广、演奏技巧丰富，具有相当强的表现力，因此它深受广大人民群众的喜爱。

古筝的种类

古筝分低档古筝、中档古筝、高档古筝三种。

一、低档古筝是由普通木板做出框架，做工较粗躁，以花梨酸枝木贴皮，这种古筝声音较闷，弹不出古筝的韵味儿。

二、中档古筝琴是由花梨木酸枝木胡桃木做古筝的琴头琴尾，以及侧板，面板采用泡桐木，这种琴做工规范，弹出了古筝的韵味，但和中高档琴比音色要逊色很多。

中高档古筝是采用黑檀木老红木做古筝的琴头琴尾，以及侧板，面板采用泡桐木，这种材料做出的古筝音色清脆，韵味渐浓。

三、高档古筝做工严谨，选料精细，采用紫檀木血檀（雪檀）木做古筝的琴头琴尾，以及侧板，面板采用优质泡桐木。

近年雪檀已尽绝迹，紫檀也越来越少，这种材料做出的古筝音色纯正，颗粒性强，琴声韵味十足，余音较长，即余音绕梁乃三日不绝。

古筝分南北吗？

因为北方气候干燥，古筝使用中容易开裂，所以就流传出南筝、北筝的说法。

其实古筝是不分南北筝的，有些商家就是抓住了“古筝开裂”这一痛点，推出了南北筝这一概念。

古筝是不分南北的，也就是不分南北用琴。古筝核心面板都是泡桐木，泡桐木产自河南兰考，如果将河南产的面板拿回上海加工就成了南方古筝，拿回西安加工就成了北方古筝，这显然是说不通的。买古筝时最重要的是买适合自己的筝，且注意对其保养就行。

古筝琴弦

古筝是中国古老的民族乐器，距今已有两千五百多年的历史。

标准古筝有21根弦。从最细的弦到最粗的弦，依次编号为1~21。

最初的古筝，只有5根弦。经秦国著名将蒙恬改造后，古筝发展到12弦。在当时的历史条件下，应该说是对古筝成功的改革。12弦古筝延续使用了数百年，直到唐朝后期才出现了13弦古筝。

随着时代的发展，古筝的弦数也越来越多，音域也越来越宽。出现了16弦、18弦、19弦、21弦、23弦、25弦等，直到今天，发展成为通用的21弦。

筝身长1.63米的21弦古筝，被称为标准筝。筝弦，也由过去的丝，动物筋等生物性材料制作，改为现在的钢丝弦和尼龙缠弦。

随着筝弦的增加，筝的体积也在增大。发展到今天，已成为一种古朴典雅的民族乐器。

古筝基础知识

古筝的定义：弹拨弦鸣乐器。

一共有 21 根琴弦，包含 17 根弦和 4 根绿弦

1、琴弦：现多用尼龙缠弦，以不同型号的钢丝外面缠以尼龙丝制成的。

2、琴码（又称：雁柱）：支撑琴弦，琴码的右侧为演奏区域，左侧为左手补韵的装饰音区域。

3、岳山：分为前岳山，后岳山，分别镶嵌在琴面板的首部和尾部。

4、面板：琴面略有弧度的木板。

5、调弦盒：内有弦轴，用于调音；琴盒内可以放指甲，琴扳手等物件。

认识SOL

认识简谱

简谱：简谱中用以表示音的高低及相互关系的基本符号为七个阿拉伯数字，即１、２、３、４、５、６、７，唱作do、re、mi、fa、sol、la、xi，称为唱名。

唱名：do re mi fa sol la xi

音名：C D E F G A B 这个就是用来记固定音高的符号。

在简谱中表达高低音一般会在上下两个方向添加小圆点。

中音是１２３４５６７那么低音表达就是在这些数字现面加一个小圆点，高音就是在数字上面加一点，上面加二个点为倍高音，加三个点为超高音。反之下面亦如此为倍低音、超低音等以此类推。

除了音的高低外，简谱还有一个重要的因素就是音的长短，简谱音的长短有多种表达方式，如基本的加小横线的方式。

如果还不太懂的朋友，可以看看古筝简谱入门课程，介绍的非常详细：https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1xE411x7Wh/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

五声调音

古筝采用的是五声音节，由这五个音构成的调式是五声调式。所以古筝琴弦上没有4（fa）和7（si）。

琴弦排列分组

筝架和姿势

弹筝的姿势有多种，一般采用坐式，要求坐姿端正，精神饱满、动作自然。古代采用过盘式、跪式。

由于流派的不同，筝的放置位置、筝架、琴凳也不同。

有的用琴桌式筝架，有的用类似人字形的筝架，还有的就放在腿上演奏。

采用琴桌式筝架比较稳因、牢靠，琴桌的面板有助于筝的共鸣。琴桌的大小应适当，恰好放稳筝的四个角；筝与琴桌之间有一定的空隙，以便于出音；琴桌的高低适合放腿为宜。此外，琴桌的造型应美观大方。

如采用类似人字形折叠筝架，应注意筝体能放置平稳，避免演奏中摇晃。

如采用小筝放在腿上演奏，小筝筝头底部应加筝托，以防止上身过前倾，腿部不要挡住出音孔，琴凳不要过高，筝尾支架的高度应与琴凳高度相当或略高。琴凳离筝体要近，尤其弹奏宽大的、弦数多的筝，一般身体前侧距筝体大约有6厘米至10厘米，应坐在靠近前岳山的位置上，坐的高低位置，应以方便演奏，便充分发挥技巧为原则。身体离琴过远，将使右手演奏困难，影响对触弦的控制；离琴过近，左手按弦困难，右手拨弦不方便；坐的位置过高时，上身容易前倾；坐的位置过低时，容易紧张。

弹筝的姿势，一般采用坐式，演奏者坐的姿势应该是：两腿自然分开，上身端正，两臂和双手松弛而自然抬起，精神饱满，态度自然。在演奏时既不要驼背也不要过分挺胸；既不要拘紧，也不要松垮。切忌摇头晃脑、脚打拍子等坏毛病。

正确的演奏姿势是：右脚蹬在固定筝架的踏板上，头部略俯视，双手按乐曲开头的指法自然伸出，做好弹奏准备。

如何选择古筝

古筝的统一规格为：1.63米，21弦。一台古筝的音质取决于面板和琴弦，面板以阳面中段为最佳，阳面是指整株桐木置于水中，露出水面的一面为阳面，去头斩尾为中段，一般以9-12年树龄的桐木为最佳，尤以河南兰考的桐木为最佳，沙土地，木质疏松，利于音质的传导。

初学者在购买古筝的时候一般不知道如何选择，市场上售卖的有练习筝、演奏古筝两种。

练习筝的制作较为简单，一般都是不包边的，而演奏筝的工艺更复杂，也更精美。 同时，会因为木头的品质，和穿弦孔的工艺不同而导致音色和手感的不同。

演出筝对音色的要求更严格，音色要亮，所以价格一般比练习筝的价格贵。

古筝的结构说简单也简单，但是要让这简单的结构发出美妙的音乐就是技术活了。决定音色品质重要的部分是面板的等级，其次筝码、整体做工、制作工艺等，边板材质起到装饰古筝的作用，不建议作为选筝的重点。

古筝作为乐器其音色品质才是其价值的体现，而价值也是决定价格的原因，这也就是为什么古筝的价格会有如此大的差异。

我们选购古筝的时候首先要考虑古筝的音色问题，购买音色较好的古筝，如果是作为古筝学习者，练习筝也不要买太次的，那会影响自己的听力，和审美标准。

学习古筝

学戴义甲

大指：将义甲戴在指肚上，向指尖左上方斜出45度佩戴

食指、中指：将义甲戴在指肚上，顺指甲生长方向直戴

注意：佩戴时义甲不要挡住手指的关节；胶布的一半应覆盖在自己本身的指甲上。

选择指甲

古筝指甲首先要选择合适自身手指的长度，选择的指甲要和自己的手指第一节的长度相匹配，通常都是选择中号。指甲面选择宽点、上方尖点，不需要太厚的指甲面。古筝指甲材质很多，有塑料、树脂、玳瑁的，三种材质对比，玳瑁的比其它两种的好，对琴弦没有多大的磨损，但价格比较贵，塑料和树脂对琴弦的磨损就比较严重。

挑选玳瑁方法

1、强光照射法：把玳瑁放在太阳底下或者电筒光下投射，如果看见花纹、透明血丝状在甲片里，就是真品。伪劣产品呈现的血丝在甲面上是片状的，还有斑纹呆板或者团块状。

2、燃烧法：刮一点点的指甲点燃，或者用加热的针触碰指甲面，真品就会散发出烧焦头发的味道，伪劣产品是散发其它的味道，比如樟脑的味道、塑胶的味道、醋味等。

分辨琴弦

古筝的琴弦有21根弦，共有两种颜色，白色琴弦、绿色（或红色）琴弦。

绿色（或红色）琴弦都唱“5”（sol），共有四根绿色（或红色）琴弦，有粗有细，由细到粗，分别代表

高音5；中音5；低音5；倍低音5

第一根到第五根琴弦为倍低音，表示方法是在1、2、3、5、6下面加两个点;接下来五根弦是低音,在1、2、3、5、6，下面点一个点;在后面五根弦是中音区,1、2、3、5、6。接下来是高音区,五根弦1、2、3、5、6上方加一个点;最后一根为倍高音do,1上面加两个点。

练习古筝步骤

弹古筝,首先要保持正确的姿势。两只手的食指、中指、大指依次配戴好指甲，你可以买两卷医用胶带，一卷放手上保持手背的平直，另一卷用来配戴指甲。

眼睛平视乐谱，身体坐好，接下来开始古筝的练习。

佩戴指甲

弹奏古筝之前先要佩戴好指甲，指甲的大小应和手指第一关节差不多，戴在第一关节往上一点，胶布缠在第一关节中间，不要影响关节活动处，大指缠带方法与其他指不同，假指甲向内与指尖呈45度角，左右相对。

熟悉古筝音阶

音乐的七个基本音阶1(do)2(re)3(mi)4(fa)5(sol)6(la)7(si)，古筝是五声音阶，没有4和7，只有1、2、3、5、6。

练习古筝指法

古筝演奏中常用到指法：勾、托、抹、劈、剔、挑、提、花指、摇指、琶音、泛音、按音、揉音、大撮、小撮、颤音、滑音等。

托-大拇指向外弹弦。 

劈-大拇指向里弹弦。

抹-食指向里弹弦。 

挑-食指向外弹弦。 

勾-中指向里弹弦。 

剔-中指向外弹弦。 

提-无名指向里弹弦。 

连托-大拇指向外连续弹弦。 

连抹-食指向外连续弹弦。 

大撮-大拇指向外，中指向里同时弹两弦。 

小撮-大拇指向外，食指向里同时弹两弦。 

双托-大拇指同时向外弹奏邻近的两弦。 

双抹-食指同时向外弹奏邻近的两弦。 

八度双托-大拇指向外弹奏邻近的两弦，同时中指在低八度另一音，三阴同时奏响。 

摇指-大拇指连续托劈。 

琶音-左手或右手用三个或四个手指按顺序弹奏不同的音。 

泛音-左手食指在发音弦1/2处轻贴弦，右手弹弦发音。 

花指-大拇指迅速连托数弦。 

向上刮奏-在筝弦上由低音向高音的划奏。 

向下刮奏-在筝弦上由高音向低音的划奏。

揉音或颤音-根据音乐的不同风格分类，是揉音类的，揉动较平和；是颤音类的，音波较密，也较有地方风格。 

重颤音-用力较重的颤音。 

按音-在弦上按出的音。 

上滑音-右手弹弦后，左手按弦，使音由低向高滑动。

下滑音-左手先按弦，右手弹奏后逐渐松弦。 

回滑音-右手弹弦之后，左手按弦使音由低向高又有高向低滑动数次。 

左手点音-左手马子左侧先轻点或轻轻快速下滑。

下图是古筝指法符号对照表，在看古筝简谱的时候可以用到。

古筝的指法教程视频：

初学古筝的指法口诀：https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Et411v7pq/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

勾、托、抹、托指法：https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1JT4y1N7nx/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

古筝指法抹、打：https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Di4y1174c/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

古筝指法大撮：https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Mi4y127Tt/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

练习曲子

曲子是一句一句，一段一段地练习的，练得多了自然就记住了，然后可以脱离琴谱练习。

代表曲目

古筝十大代表名曲有《渔舟唱晚》、《高山流水》、《寒鸦戏水》、《汉宫秋月》、《蕉窗夜雨》、《林冲夜奔》、《侗族舞曲》、《东海渔歌》、《香山射鼓》、《战台风》。

《渔舟唱晚》是传统的古筝独奏名曲。一般以为此曲是娄树华在20世纪三十年代中期，根据古曲《归去来辞》的素材改编而成。取自唐朝诗人王勃的名篇《滕玉阁序》中的佳名：“渔舟唱晚，响穷彭蠡之滨”。

《高山流水》，为中国十大古曲之一。此曲最早见于我国现存最早的琴曲集《神奇秘谱》。乐曲取中国古代著名的音乐故事“伯牙摔琴谢知音”为题材，表现一种“巍巍乎若高山，洋洋乎若江海”的境界。

《寒鸦戏水》寒鸦又名鸥鸟，这是一首有名的潮州筝曲，是潮洲弦诗《软套》十大曲中最富诗意的一首。

老师指导

学习古筝需要有一个好老师指导，古筝作为一种并不那么容易学成的乐器，单靠自学是很困难的，因此需要找一个好老师。专业的好老师保证你能学到规范的指法、技巧和乐曲处理，不至于走弯路。

业余爱好者自学时，虽然有入门教材的辅导，但是自学难免会遇到许多不懂的地方，这时候就需要专业的老师进行解答了。其实刚开始的时候可以看视频资源、与许多古筝专业者或爱好者交流，不懂时还可以提出问题，这样总比自己一个人探索有用得多。

古筝是一门入门容易精通难的乐器，尤其是业余爱好者没有人监督，就更容易放弃，所以坚持才能成功。

选择古筝老师需要注意以下几点：

1、口碑；

大家选择古筝老师的时候还是要非常注重口碑的，如果身边有周围的朋友在学习古筝，我们不妨参考一下朋友的意见，老师的口碑如果好了，一般教学质量都挺不错的。

2、要去试听课；

古筝课都是可以提前试听的，我们可以参加基础的试听课程，如果你认为老师讲的可以很轻易的听得懂，而且讲的有非常详细，老师人也比较好，那么就可以考虑选择这个老师。

3、学历；

老师的学历也是比较重要的，我们在选择老师的时候我可以咨询一下老师是哪里毕业的，如果老师是正规的音乐学校毕业的，那么他学习的知识会更加系统，在教我们的时候条理会特别清楚。

4、专业性。

学习古筝还是非常需要老师的专业性的，老师水平比较高，比较专业，那么我们的学习质量也会更加的高。

自学选择教材

1、《古筝基础教程》

这本书分为古筝入门、古筝技法、古筝曲三个部分，是结合理论和实际的基础教材。

2、《古筝入门》

这本书介绍古筝由易到难，循序渐进，介绍的比较详细，里面附带很多筝曲。

3、《从零起步学古筝》

遵循从易及难的原则，从古筝最基本的指法讲起，每种指法配以相应的练习曲和乐曲。

我们学习的时候先学习基础知识，理论知识学会后可以在网上多看些古筝的教程，特别的视频教程，可以在哔哩哔哩上选择适合自己的配合教材学习。

不过刚开始学习还是不建议自学，毕竟我们对古筝琴音没用正确的认知，非常容易走入误区，只有在老师的带领下，感受到老师正确的琴音，才能慢慢培养认知，这个是教材和视频代替不了的。

古筝考级

古筝考级分为1-10级，其中1-4级为初级，5-7级为中级，8-10级为高级，高级需要加考乐理。

按有关规定，古筝考级一般是从一级到十级，由低到高逐级考评，但由于考级工作一般都是每年进行一次，而学古筝的每个人学习情况不同，因此可跳级报考，如果古筝学习的比较好，可以直接报考六级考试。

六级考试属于中等偏上的等级考试，考试相对简单，7级开始考试难度会增加很多。

所以刚开始考级的时候建议选择古筝六级考试，下面给大家介绍一些六级考试曲目。

古筝六级曲目有哪些

古筝考级六级曲目一般包括《高山流水》、《柳青娘》 、《出水莲》、《崖山哀》、《庆丰年》 、《闹元宵》 、《山丹丹开花红艳艳》等，根据考级版本不同可能略有区别，例如有音协考级、中央音乐学院考级、民族管弦学会考级等， 每个版本曲目和练习曲要求都不同。

考级的时候需要演奏两首同一级别的曲目，六级曲目中高山流水、庆丰年 、出水莲为必选曲目。六级考试的要求是加强各种音色变化、控制力的训练，并进行一些特殊定弦乐曲的练习，演奏上必须按照其指法特点，应强调力度与音色的对比、演奏的投入及较好的音乐表现力。

调音器怎么用

古筝和吉他、钢琴等乐器一样都是需要调音的，最简单的方法就是使用调音器进行调音，具体的方法如下：

1、首先把调音器的电池装好，长按中间的开关打开调音器。

2、按开关键把屏幕左下角的字换成“自动”，按“M/T”键把屏幕右下角的字换成“古筝D”。

3、按上三角符号和下三角符号把左上角的数字换成“=440”。

4、把夹子夹到要调的那根弦的附近，这样更能使调音器取到音。

5、用古筝指甲拨要调的那根弦，看调音器屏幕上的数字，如果显示的数字比调的弦大，就说明太松了，如果数字比调的弦小，就说明太紧了，用调音扳手重新调整。

6、当屏幕上的数值是所调的弦的数值，还要看调音器最上端的三个指示灯，如果左边的红灯亮了，就说明有点偏紧了，如果右边的红灯亮了，就说明有点偏松了，如果绿灯亮，就说明这条弦已经调好。

日常保养方法

一般情况下，相对湿度在50%-70%之间的空间内使用古筝对筝的振动和发音都比较有利，湿度低于50%容易引发筝体表面及底板开裂，而湿度高于70%则易使面板吸潮，导致声音发闷、余音减短、音色发暗。

1、古筝在使用时应轻拿轻放，避免碰撞或剧烈震动。

2、若在北方地区使用古筝，在琴下放一盆水，增加空气湿度，防止开裂。冬季时古筝不能靠近散热的暖气片，以免出现曝烈或变形的情况。

3、古筝使用后可用干软布拭去琴弦上的汗渍，以防琴弦生锈，不用时要以筝罩盖好;

4、古筝应经常使用，这有利于琴弦张力的稳定，也鞥促进音色;

5、一旦发现琴音不准时应及时调音;

6、长时间不用古筝，只要防潮、防晒、防灰即可，不可将其放在地上或挂在潮湿的墙上。湿气较重时，将古筝放入盒内，并在盒内放入干燥剂。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习古筝要先有浓厚的兴趣，兴趣是最好的教师，没有兴趣学什么都提不起精力，只会浪费时间。因而学古筝必定要本人发自内心的喜爱，那样才能学得更好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUqcdKWOMoQ2MCxk7b5cyYGynZd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"了解古筝","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Js2Sde2sEoaOI2xSSx9cDN52nxe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝又名汉筝、秦筝、瑶筝、鸾筝，是中国汉民族传统乐器中的筝乐器，属于弹拨乐器。它是中国独特的、重要的民族乐器之一。它的音色优美，音域宽广、演奏技巧丰富，具有相当强的表现力，因此它深受广大人民群众的喜爱。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EqSwdcu8CoYMU4x4NhVcPyWYnjh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝的种类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NsM4d8GsOo4i4wx4KMKcGExAnUe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝分低档古筝、中档古筝、高档古筝三种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RIcedkyEGoQCoyxQf0ec8u3RnSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一、低档古筝是由普通木板做出框架，做工较粗躁，以花梨酸枝木贴皮，这种古筝声音较闷，弹不出古筝的韵味儿。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YqIedSOsooC680xcxrHchhUpnTh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二、中档古筝琴是由花梨木酸枝木胡桃木做古筝的琴头琴尾，以及侧板，面板采用泡桐木，这种琴做工规范，弹出了古筝的韵味，但和中高档琴比音色要逊色很多。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V4CgdocWWoWQsaxGEPfcIYb2nqf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中高档古筝是采用黑檀木老红木做古筝的琴头琴尾，以及侧板，面板采用泡桐木，这种材料做出的古筝音色清脆，韵味渐浓。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RasedGmieoG4E2xCY6Pc2CnVn8c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三、高档古筝做工严谨，选料精细，采用紫檀木血檀（雪檀）木做古筝的琴头琴尾，以及侧板，面板采用优质泡桐木。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DIoKdKiugoMYOoxmkiYc2iCan9b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"近年雪檀已尽绝迹，紫檀也越来越少，这种材料做出的古筝音色纯正，颗粒性强，琴声韵味十足，余音较长，即余音绕梁乃三日不绝。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UiSmdQeQwoeIU6x4uTdcRxfZn9b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝分南北吗？","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SwSQd4eS0o6ciexy2x5co97JnSd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"因为北方气候干燥，古筝使用中容易开裂，所以就流传出南筝、北筝的说法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H8WMdwccmoG86cxcp95c39WFn1b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"其实古筝是不分南北筝的，有些商家就是抓住了“古筝开裂”这一痛点，推出了南北筝这一概念。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PyY6d8y6qo4mAIxikZicrvBCn2d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝是不分南北的，也就是不分南北用琴。古筝核心面板都是泡桐木，泡桐木产自河南兰考，如果将河南产的面板拿回上海加工就成了南方古筝，拿回西安加工就成了北方古筝，这显然是说不通的。买古筝时最重要的是买适合自己的筝，且注意对其保养就行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MEYkdm4CKoWK0oxiiCEcHb4Pnwd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝琴弦","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QYC4dAYuEoMQ00xGSwZcDIVZndf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝是中国古老的民族乐器，距今已有两千五百多年的历史。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RW8SdoI2GoKcwaxk1mSch5uKnfe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"标准古筝有21根弦。从最细的弦到最粗的弦，依次编号为1~21。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LEcyd60waoiSGQxMiSwcACaJn5X"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":427,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝琴弦","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a56dc34e2e3a407f9d8569a2e36541e7","width":640},"text":"","id":"VmeGdAcKwow6G4xohIFchRxznge"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H8KsdaGW8ocyw2xOyPwcWzcFnlH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"最初的古筝，只有5根弦。经秦国著名将蒙恬改造后，古筝发展到12弦。在当时的历史条件下，应该说是对古筝成功的改革。12弦古筝延续使用了数百年，直到唐朝后期才出现了13弦古筝。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYyudcMAioMSWMxsvuVcfdIWnPh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"随着时代的发展，古筝的弦数也越来越多，音域也越来越宽。出现了16弦、18弦、19弦、21弦、23弦、25弦等，直到今天，发展成为通用的21弦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SKk0dMSSyoSOKMxaAIUch9PsnAc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"筝身长1.63米的21弦古筝，被称为标准筝。筝弦，也由过去的丝，动物筋等生物性材料制作，改为现在的钢丝弦和尼龙缠弦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OuGadOM6YoeG8WxE9T2cdmmvnNc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"随着筝弦的增加，筝的体积也在增大。发展到今天，已成为一种古朴典雅的民族乐器。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YoqMdG4Ioo6mCsxeizGc3TaEn7d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝基础知识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CUoSdQg6moSsSMxOQVycQkZYnxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝的定义：弹拨弦鸣乐器。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NaEQdGYgOoEKKIx3DTPcW9QRngE"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一共有 21 根琴弦，包含 17 根弦和 4 根绿弦","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SQWYdEiSmoEgwyxaWc9c7lwan9g"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":405,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝基础知识","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/adba970d86b842058bf1571fc3adf8c8","width":855},"text":"","id":"SkAsdOUe0oGOGcxYDIycO1H8ncd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、琴弦：现多用尼龙缠弦，以不同型号的钢丝外面缠以尼龙丝制成的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TKW6dgiMWouMk2xQpcPcHzSznYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、琴码（又称：雁柱）：支撑琴弦，琴码的右侧为演奏区域，左侧为左手补韵的装饰音区域。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HGS4dGEC2o4iqSx2liLcEjtdnHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、岳山：分为前岳山，后岳山，分别镶嵌在琴面板的首部和尾部。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SYoOdAKe0ok0Mox5TYuck83BnBJ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、面板：琴面略有弧度的木板。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LKcsdCqQcoskEwxgdpOcJcXdn7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、调弦盒：内有弦轴，用于调音；琴盒内可以放指甲，琴扳手等物件。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Cs4GdYu4MoqQkKxgXT5cofbsnYd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"认识SOL","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HowmdCQKooaWgCx2x60c0ympnhd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":258,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"认识SOL","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2f6a1b3049b04321bd68e010868702e9","width":865},"text":"","id":"WeWmdsYowoUcySxwhcTcvdqZn1e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"认识简谱","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IAS2dg8Ego6sg4xeAymcNBTCnrd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"简谱：简谱中用以表示音的高低及相互关系的基本符号为七个阿拉伯数字，即１、２、３、４、５、６、７，唱作do、re、mi、fa、sol、la、xi，称为唱名。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NGEcdoWOUoyuQcxyIb1cFQXEnSb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"唱名：do re mi fa sol la xi","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TyuydE4wwoq6YcxAFDkcsUgYnGc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音名：C D E F G A B 这个就是用来记固定音高的符号。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JAuKdmEmqoK0ooxOOeUcl6S4nqe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在简谱中表达高低音一般会在上下两个方向添加小圆点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MSQgd4sO0oOcq0xiqQIceHvdn0g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中音是１２３４５６７那么低音表达就是在这些数字现面加一个小圆点，高音就是在数字上面加一点，上面加二个点为倍高音，加三个点为超高音。反之下面亦如此为倍低音、超低音等以此类推。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QAiKd4wQYoGAumxMz3BctbsMnRd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":172,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"认识简谱","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/03b2fb29978a4a519db2f44835e33dad","width":620},"text":"","id":"CsMAd40c0ooo8Wx6tvgcg4PRn3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"除了音的高低外，简谱还有一个重要的因素就是音的长短，简谱音的长短有多种表达方式，如基本的加小横线的方式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TKaGdyu4yoIuwgxojevc0EAOnbb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":168,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"认识简谱","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c8b352af536345dca9a6fc9665d5b1b4","width":682},"text":"","id":"HW2SdKEeIo82y4xk1iuceeCBnWh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果还不太懂的朋友，可以看看古筝简谱入门课程，介绍的非常详细：","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1xE411x7Wh/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1xE411x7Wh/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LQygdKaa2ooigOxgXmkcFxzZnzb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"五声调音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D8GMdAuGooA0guxmIjWcMCutnDb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝采用的是五声音节，由这五个音构成的调式是五声调式。所以古筝琴弦上没有4（fa）和7（si）。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WUKcdsqIqowcykxFxh5c01jknEg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":552,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"五声调音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/210286ec53e74bf789a0ec4043213e05","width":953},"text":"","id":"NOK2dUqQ8oKw0CxAMQdcXzbsn4y"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IIsydGQ0CoYoAax6D4MclV5EnOb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"琴弦排列分组","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XcI0daSqKoQuWixCWNucDkbgnie"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":614,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"琴弦排列分组","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9101cd449a1848bd9f7199255fcf12c7","width":811},"text":"","id":"XyugdUYMooiWGGxYdZVcx7bln28"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":671,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"琴弦排列分组","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b1785101667e48d995a32b7807f94433","width":793},"text":"","id":"KwAIdKA4Qo0QUwxmkuFcm3t2nbh"}],"text":"","id":"EoCqdaCEioC44gxaYVXctHeYn6e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"筝架和姿势","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EoCqdaCEioC44gxaYVXctHeYn6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"弹筝的姿势有多种，一般采用坐式，要求坐姿端正，精神饱满、动作自然。古代采用过盘式、跪式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VwW6dYSO6oQ444xuGzLcTsywnFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"由于流派的不同，筝的放置位置、筝架、琴凳也不同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PSOkdwWkUoWUOWxiymTcM5P8nSh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有的用琴桌式筝架，有的用类似人字形的筝架，还有的就放在腿上演奏。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XYQsdWgwmoMUqGxkNZPcpl8XnSd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"采用琴桌式筝架比较稳因、牢靠，琴桌的面板有助于筝的共鸣。琴桌的大小应适当，恰好放稳筝的四个角；筝与琴桌之间有一定的空隙，以便于出音；琴桌的高低适合放腿为宜。此外，琴桌的造型应美观大方。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OQkQdcsksoieC2xcJVIcJ1JMn8d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":518,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"筝架和姿势","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d12893778e954af9aa69660779580887","width":636},"text":"","id":"PQ48du20koKoSSxSAKXczsIHn7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如采用类似人字形折叠筝架，应注意筝体能放置平稳，避免演奏中摇晃。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PkyidCm8koIwQyxmQGdcdEkEnle"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":597,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"筝架和姿势","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/421c2b42642b4606b6d45b3b04efab57","width":579},"text":"","id":"T8wydgECGoi0qqxYlVQcYLPAnvd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如采用小筝放在腿上演奏，小筝筝头底部应加筝托，以防止上身过前倾，腿部不要挡住出音孔，琴凳不要过高，筝尾支架的高度应与琴凳高度相当或略高。琴凳离筝体要近，尤其弹奏宽大的、弦数多的筝，一般身体前侧距筝体大约有6厘米至10厘米，应坐在靠近前岳山的位置上，坐的高低位置，应以方便演奏，便充分发挥技巧为原则。身体离琴过远，将使右手演奏困难，影响对触弦的控制；离琴过近，左手按弦困难，右手拨弦不方便；坐的位置过高时，上身容易前倾；坐的位置过低时，容易紧张。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H6MQdMU42ou2yaxugIWcVCEdnrd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":741,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"筝架和姿势","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9c96a8e7759c4cdba7e8c0edd9a6d55a","width":733},"text":"","id":"ZKEgdC6SOo4OqUxUVOqcaQu7nng"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"弹筝的姿势，一般采用坐式，演奏者坐的姿势应该是：两腿自然分开，上身端正，两臂和双手松弛而自然抬起，精神饱满，态度自然。在演奏时既不要驼背也不要过分挺胸；既不要拘紧，也不要松垮。切忌摇头晃脑、脚打拍子等坏毛病。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Tam0dyU2socEowxMb3acblynnTf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"正确的演奏姿势是：右脚蹬在固定筝架的踏板上，头部略俯视，双手按乐曲开头的指法自然伸出，做好弹奏准备。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ECo4dYk6eocISgxma3TcC9tMnRg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":476,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"筝架和姿势","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8f8c264448484b8e99ed16776f541d40","width":781},"text":"","id":"HkaAdIAKQoYIAcx29lLcmxLgnBc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"如何选择古筝","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HWaadMuCooqgKcxQrKRcAe8Ln1c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝的统一规格为：1.63米，21弦。一台古筝的音质取决于面板和琴弦，面板以阳面中段为最佳，阳面是指整株桐木置于水中，露出水面的一面为阳面，去头斩尾为中段，一般以9-12年树龄的桐木为最佳，尤以河南兰考的桐木为最佳，沙土地，木质疏松，利于音质的传导。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Casmdyo0OoS2Cqxe4BrcTQQtnOe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":456,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"如何选择古筝","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e08a4cdc236647d6914a8d4011e3d006","width":600},"text":"","id":"VOeqd0GAGoW4auxQhlQcxX7Tnaf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者在购买古筝的时候一般不知道如何选择，市场上售卖的有练习筝、演奏古筝两种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KAqidceYIoGg60xsDc7c3THenff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"练习筝的制作较为简单，一般都是不包边的，而演奏筝的工艺更复杂，也更精美。 同时，会因为木头的品质，和穿弦孔的工艺不同而导致音色和手感的不同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EY6adusu0oIKo6xgRopcF34Lnuh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"演出筝对音色的要求更严格，音色要亮，所以价格一般比练习筝的价格贵。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YMWEd2MgaoM0aUxWSYuczrwgnQh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝的结构说简单也简单，但是要让这简单的结构发出美妙的音乐就是技术活了。决定音色品质重要的部分是面板的等级，其次筝码、整体做工、制作工艺等，边板材质起到装饰古筝的作用，不建议作为选筝的重点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OskmdkmgEougSuxs8wZcDmzOnzY"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝作为乐器其音色品质才是其价值的体现，而价值也是决定价格的原因，这也就是为什么古筝的价格会有如此大的差异。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZoWodYoUCosEmAxMhowcdZO3nEd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"我们选购古筝的时候首先要考虑古筝的音色问题，购买音色较好的古筝，如果是作为古筝学习者，练习筝也不要买太次的，那会影响自己的听力，和审美标准。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bs0ed48aoo8OUIxg2KlcUobenzm"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习古筝","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ewqqdo4ssoEewUxojhWcMkLgnRY"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学戴义甲","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L4w6dsweUocYCSxuYgqcHIlPnId"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大指：将义甲戴在指肚上，向指尖左上方斜出45度佩戴","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYiSdKoKyoQ68axY9wEcuRn5n9g"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":112,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"学戴义甲","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d8ef5651cc3549cb8629ebe19a9f43bf","width":136},"text":"","id":"A0CKdYKwOoy0aaxCUGucy5WvnFd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"食指、中指：将义甲戴在指肚上，顺指甲生长方向直戴","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IUO6dm4SYo0mSyxuKPicyXMhnFe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":112,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"学戴义甲","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f6f907e9573e4362a717f7ea0e478c52","width":136},"text":"","id":"E6Wkdgg6yoyGuAxyUqYcaCT7nzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意：佩戴时义甲不要挡住手指的关节；胶布的一半应覆盖在自己本身的指甲上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NgwmdyAWgomkMexMV43cJF1GnUc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择指甲","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NOYcd2McCoUW2kxDTPCc0XyinbM"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝指甲首先要选择合适自身手指的长度，选择的指甲要和自己的手指第一节的长度相匹配，通常都是选择中号。指甲面选择宽点、上方尖点，不需要太厚的指甲面。古筝指甲材质很多，有塑料、树脂、玳瑁的，三种材质对比，玳瑁的比其它两种的好，对琴弦没有多大的磨损，但价格比较贵，塑料和树脂对琴弦的磨损就比较严重。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BgIsdWoAuoA04Ix8gSicDKB8nec"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":333,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"选择指甲","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e2fdb9f2bd254aceab730d7785e6d351","width":500},"text":"","id":"Pym0dWasEoCOcCxeYctcQBwznRf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"挑选玳瑁方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DSa0dCkSsomgiwxSupvc10yEnpf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、强光照射法：把玳瑁放在太阳底下或者电筒光下投射，如果看见花纹、透明血丝状在甲片里，就是真品。伪劣产品呈现的血丝在甲面上是片状的，还有斑纹呆板或者团块状。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SYiAdGmwOoQW66xYZzecduXanef"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、燃烧法：刮一点点的指甲点燃，或者用加热的针触碰指甲面，真品就会散发出烧焦头发的味道，伪劣产品是散发其它的味道，比如樟脑的味道、塑胶的味道、醋味等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IWcqdMKakoqsAcxE5Twc5Jeunsd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"分辨琴弦","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KmE8ducyyo4co8x4qOdc67ozn9c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝的琴弦有21根弦，共有两种颜色，白色琴弦、绿色（或红色）琴弦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JcggdywqgooEk0xc7RmcGYOcnhf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":518,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"分辨琴弦","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ad9fb924473f4c03acde04ea2d49c706","width":627},"text":"","id":"Py4udAGwIoyM2SxI9QvcNGiFnaf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"绿色（或红色）琴弦都唱“5”（sol），共有四根绿色（或红色）琴弦，有粗有细，由细到粗，分别代表","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UkAGdSks4o4a42xE3RUchFYonSg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":34,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"分辨琴弦","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/45746576255f47eba05e8d49cce59e0f","width":138},"text":"","id":"QO8qdGyMKoISY0x8HXsc3G9fnuh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"高音5；中音5；低音5；倍低音5","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EqgAd8aeKoOiacxSAKBcZm37nXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一根到第五根琴弦为倍低音，表示方法是在1、2、3、5、6下面加两个点;接下来五根弦是低音,在1、2、3、5、6，下面点一个点;在后面五根弦是中音区,1、2、3、5、6。接下来是高音区,五根弦1、2、3、5、6上方加一个点;最后一根为倍高音do,1上面加两个点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XOUAdgmSMoO4qmxSwkGcsOolnzd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"练习古筝步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XIYAduAaMocSc4xmaNxcbfv4n5f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"弹古筝,首先要保持正确的姿势。两只手的食指、中指、大指依次配戴好指甲，你可以买两卷医用胶带，一卷放手上保持手背的平直，另一卷用来配戴指甲。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ww8CdKY24osSMyxikNIcZpDUnTf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"眼睛平视乐谱，身体坐好，接下来开始古筝的练习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JWU0dmaEoouCqmxmUyJchz6anPc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"佩戴指甲","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Eae0d0gmwoOmAGx5kVkc8DotnJi"},{"type":"paragrap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":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"老师指导","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Du2odIcE6omcmExaS4Bc8youn8e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习古筝需要有一个好老师指导，古筝作为一种并不那么容易学成的乐器，单靠自学是很困难的，因此需要找一个好老师。专业的好老师保证你能学到规范的指法、技巧和乐曲处理，不至于走弯路。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DieUdKSu6oukA8xaRJXch8nXnob"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":333,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"老师指导","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/950d6fda04394931aac13686ff8bb323","width":500},"text":"","id":"QUQkdy2uwommqAx8lUEcUvymnVg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"业余爱好者自学时，虽然有入门教材的辅导，但是自学难免会遇到许多不懂的地方，这时候就需要专业的老师进行解答了。其实刚开始的时候可以看视频资源、与许多古筝专业者或爱好者交流，不懂时还可以提出问题，这样总比自己一个人探索有用得多。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E4G2dYkG6oaA4ixWk1HcU4HCnOe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝是一门入门容易精通难的乐器，尤其是业余爱好者没有人监督，就更容易放弃，所以坚持才能成功。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZieUdu6EooEwakxATBJcfmYInub"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择古筝老师需要注意以下几点：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SA4wdiQaCoqKcexErRHc6ST2nig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、口碑；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VYUMdCAEcosOqkxSAqlcKYhNnNg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大家选择古筝老师的时候还是要非常注重口碑的，如果身边有周围的朋友在学习古筝，我们不妨参考一下朋友的意见，老师的口碑如果好了，一般教学质量都挺不错的。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYOsdo8SwoAeuWx8hK6cFkmgnIh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、要去试听课；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wmu6dY0sooI2uqxI3dncj9EVnEe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝课都是可以提前试听的，我们可以参加基础的试听课程，如果你认为老师讲的可以很轻易的听得懂，而且讲的有非常详细，老师人也比较好，那么就可以考虑选择这个老师。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Mgq6dEKSYoKiamxi2becA1BSnng"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、学历；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ECuedEK2CouWAsx2rDvcv01Cnrh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"老师的学历也是比较重要的，我们在选择老师的时候我可以咨询一下老师是哪里毕业的，如果老师是正规的音乐学校毕业的，那么他学习的知识会更加系统，在教我们的时候条理会特别清楚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GM2sdMGcMoA0gkxodKUcQvdmnse"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" 4、专业性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KUUEdW2IooWGCix63Eeco0BDnxb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习古筝还是非常需要老师的专业性的，老师水平比较高，比较专业，那么我们的学习质量也会更加的高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q8aedu822oa4i4x6Y47cai0rnch"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"自学选择教材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JmWOduKeIocuGoxaIpUcsUmnnce"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、《古筝基础教程》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LAoAdyG6MomiooxcfgFcjcFgn6U"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":611,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"自学选择教材","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/48f66ba9946b4a24b082b07c146e28ea","width":440},"text":"","id":"AsqQd062WoEmWGxWaofcrgAonTh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这本书分为古筝入门、古筝技法、古筝曲三个部分，是结合理论和实际的基础教材。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WwGKdkeiqow0mqxuEYfcrVytnsc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、《古筝入门》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q8SAd0MQcoASuUxA9w6cfKhSnpf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":500,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"自学选择教材","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/08ab75b97b1a4c9299cca6fe32606ef3","width":372},"text":"","id":"RomcdOeUOoAGmexq5vMcmts8nLQ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这本书介绍古筝由易到难，循序渐进，介绍的比较详细，里面附带很多筝曲。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JoeSdO6ScocQKaxGyUrcynY9nGb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、《从零起步学古筝》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KYEWdo2QGoAiW4x82RwcxJ5Dnbc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":431,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"自学选择教材","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/14cff81fa3db43d3b3ccf979850af338","width":428},"text":"","id":"XgcodsU4Oo8WMsxI9sXcGQXdnkf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"遵循从易及难的原则，从古筝最基本的指法讲起，每种指法配以相应的练习曲和乐曲。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KSISduQOsoWecIxC0X7cXITlnme"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"我们学习的时候先学习基础知识，理论知识学会后可以在网上多看些古筝的教程，特别的视频教程，可以在哔哩哔哩上选择适合自己的配合教材学习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AUMKdWAC6o0u6oxA7BacdZDgn3g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"不过刚开始学习还是不建议自学，毕竟我们对古筝琴音没用正确的认知，非常容易走入误区，只有在老师的带领下，感受到老师正确的琴音，才能慢慢培养认知，这个是教材和视频代替不了的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R6eodmCuuo2uAcxkFHUc6bUbnwh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝考级","id":""}],"text":"","id":"G0uadkk4QoAUS2xsxAAcCpMDnE8"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝考级分为1-10级，其中1-4级为初级，5-7级为中级，8-10级为高级，高级需要加考乐理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GsQSdysC6oim0MxgdB3cw5sFnS1"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"按有关规定，古筝考级一般是从一级到十级，由低到高逐级考评，但由于考级工作一般都是每年进行一次，而学古筝的每个人学习情况不同，因此可跳级报考，如果古筝学习的比较好，可以直接报考六级考试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UIEgdEwucoCW4AxKg8Rc6ht8nOe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"六级考试属于中等偏上的等级考试，考试相对简单，7级开始考试难度会增加很多。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Oceod2UwMokGEExymi2c2Roenfg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所以刚开始考级的时候建议选择古筝六级考试，下面给大家介绍一些六级考试曲目。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HSiYdaiMyo4waMx6ln3cru6cnxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝六级曲目有哪些","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F6GGdCq0Io2oGgxmsa5c0g1enWe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝考级六级曲目一般包括《高山流水》、《柳青娘》 、《出水莲》、《崖山哀》、《庆丰年》 、《闹元宵》 、《山丹丹开花红艳艳》等，根据考级版本不同可能略有区别，例如有音协考级、中央音乐学院考级、民族管弦学会考级等， 每个版本曲目和练习曲要求都不同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OwQ2dykUioEcsQxMhWGc66VanQe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"考级的时候需要演奏两首同一级别的曲目，六级曲目中高山流水、庆丰年 、出水莲为必选曲目。六级考试的要求是加强各种音色变化、控制力的训练，并进行一些特殊定弦乐曲的练习，演奏上必须按照其指法特点，应强调力度与音色的对比、演奏的投入及较好的音乐表现力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CmQ0dycMko6YsWx4lbfcKPw8ngh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":324,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝考级","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bdd537635370403b832a02ee381f4f0c","width":500},"text":"","id":"LycidwCQgoMkYaxiIhccjVgenlc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"调音器怎么用","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NWQedeKaAoYgmOxk3tkcchGMnwe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝和吉他、钢琴等乐器一样都是需要调音的，最简单的方法就是使用调音器进行调音，具体的方法如下：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y4UkdOisSouiqqx04n2cQL7ynef"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、首先把调音器的电池装好，长按中间的开关打开调音器。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"X8o2dCeQ4okOKkxLEfTcFq0Rnyz"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、按开关键把屏幕左下角的字换成“自动”，按“M/T”键把屏幕右下角的字换成“古筝D”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DMeedwaquouuSMx8Wa3cbWlGnHc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、按上三角符号和下三角符号把左上角的数字换成“=440”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SUOmdsE88oqCKuxiMR0cwxg6ncd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":333,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"调音器怎么用","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cfa14c104dd04f6ebf801b5b7ed81928","width":500},"text":"","id":"PiqAdWGK0oeIO2x8RIkcSNw1nih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、把夹子夹到要调的那根弦的附近，这样更能使调音器取到音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OoKsd2KeKoogIQxYZlVcbRNynNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、用古筝指甲拨要调的那根弦，看调音器屏幕上的数字，如果显示的数字比调的弦大，就说明太松了，如果数字比调的弦小，就说明太紧了，用调音扳手重新调整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OCUWdQswQoWw2ex6a0xczPpEnMw"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、当屏幕上的数值是所调的弦的数值，还要看调音器最上端的三个指示灯，如果左边的红灯亮了，就说明有点偏紧了，如果右边的红灯亮了，就说明有点偏松了，如果绿灯亮，就说明这条弦已经调好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WQMOdM2oAoiWwkxCedPcpxPPnYc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"日常保养方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LwMQdiQ6ioCgWMxkzSNckqZZnAh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般情况下，相对湿度在50%-70%之间的空间内使用古筝对筝的振动和发音都比较有利，湿度低于50%容易引发筝体表面及底板开裂，而湿度高于70%则易使面板吸潮，导致声音发闷、余音减短、音色发暗。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YuwydOGMeow8YuxK6acc5jZGnuh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、古筝在使用时应轻拿轻放，避免碰撞或剧烈震动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MOUadYwmOoeauyxaU9Zc9GLanKh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、若在北方地区使用古筝，在琴下放一盆水，增加空气湿度，防止开裂。冬季时古筝不能靠近散热的暖气片，以免出现曝烈或变形的情况。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NOgGdiUYEogkGUxQPwZceLE8nXN"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、古筝使用后可用干软布拭去琴弦上的汗渍，以防琴弦生锈，不用时要以筝罩盖好;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YiQ6dsMEoo0Q4OxIziuc8BuhnFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、古筝应经常使用，这有利于琴弦张力的稳定，也鞥促进音色;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RwWSdGcsUosIkSxGwBwcC9CNnHh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、一旦发现琴音不准时应及时调音;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BayydyEcuosscIxoTtecL49Lnkf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、长时间不用古筝，只要防潮、防晒、防灰即可，不可将其放在地上或挂在潮湿的墙上。湿气较重时，将古筝放入盒内，并在盒内放入干燥剂。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AeIgd28k6oce84xQj8PcI2FFn9c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I2audQQWwo4Syexa8NacE2HWnwb"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E